Editing .30-06 Springfield (section)

== Military cartridge types ==
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2021}}
''Note:'' .30-06 cartridges are produced commercially with many different bullets and to a number of different specifications.

=== United States ===
The .30-06 round was replaced by the 7.62×51mm NATO round in 1954. However, it remained in limited use in the army reserves and national guard for some time; [[Frankford Arsenal]] only stopped production in 1961, and [[Lake City Army Ammunition Plant]] was making .30-06 until the late 1970s, with new production batches in 1993 and 2002. 
The "T" (Trials) designation is the code number it had when it was under development and testing. The "M" (Model) designation is the number it received when it was made standard-issue. Issued bullets before 1934 used the year of adoption as their model number.   
 
[[File:Five301906govtBullets.png|thumb|right| The five most common bullets used in United States military loadings from left to right: M1903 bullet, M1906 ball, M1 ball, M2 ball, and M2 armor-piercing (AP) bullet. Black paint has chipped off the tip of AP bullet during rough handling. The [[cannelure]] indentation around each bullet is where the leading edge of the case would be [[Crimp (joining)|crimped]] into the bullet.
The four spitzer bullets used in the .30-06 Springfield cartridge case were loaded with a nearly identical [[Nose cone design#Tangent ogive|tangent]] [[ogive]] exposed for reliable functioning in self-loading firearms, while the earlier M1903 bullet is positioned to illustrate the longer neck of the preceding [[.30-03]] cartridge.]]

* '''Armor-piercing, M1917''': The M1917 was the first service-issue armor-piercing rifle ammunition used by the US Army. It had a steel core in a lead envelope with a partial cupro-nickel jacket which had an exposed soft tip. The exposed tip was designed to aid in the envelope peeling away on impact to allow the core to strike the target. It had the unintended effect of making the thin lead envelope an expanding bullet. Since expanding bullets were seen as violating the [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907#Hague Convention of 1899|Hague Convention]] it did not see service in World War I.
* '''Armor-piercing, M1918''': The M1918 was similar to the armor-piercing M1917 round except it had a smooth cannelure near the case-mouth and had a full-metal-jacketed bullet. It replaced the AP M1917 round in service.
* '''Armor-piercing, M1922''' (''1922–1934''): This was a redesigned armor-piercing round with a heavier steel core. It was the first armor-piercing round to have a black-painted bullet tip. 
* '''Armor-piercing, M1''' (''1934–1939''): This was a higher-velocity (3,180 fps) AP round that was under development throughout its service. It was replaced in 1939 by the AP M2, a redesign of the AP M1922.  
* '''Armor piercing, M2''' (''1939–1954''): This cartridge is used against lightly armored vehicles, protective shelters, and personnel, and can be identified by its black bullet tip. Bullet is flat base, weight 163–168 grains. Defense against the M2 projectile by name is one of the performance standards for [[Personal armor|Type IV body armor]].<ref name="NIJ">{{cite web |url=http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/223054.pdf |title=Ballistic Resistance of Body Armor NIJ Standard-0101.06 |work=NIJ Standards |publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]] |access-date=2008-11-13 |date=July 2008}}</ref>  
* '''Armor-piercing incendiary, T15/M14''' (''1943–?'') and '''M14A1''' (?-1954): This cartridge may be substituted for the M2 armor-piercing round and is normally employed against flammable targets. The tip of the M14 bullet is colored with a blue tip over a black ring. The M14A1 featured an improved core design and incendiary charge and had a silver-colored aluminum-painted tip.
* '''Ball, M1906''' (''1906–1925''): This cartridge is used against personnel and unarmored targets and can be identified by its silver-colored cupro-nickel alloy bullet jacket. The M1906 has a {{convert|150|gr|g|abbr=in|adj=on|order=flip}} projectile and flat base. Its jacket was found to quickly foul the bore.
* '''Ball, M1''' (''1925–1937''): The M1 has an {{convert|173|gr|g|abbr=in|adj=on|order=flip}}, 9-degree boat-tailed projectile designed for aerodynamic efficiency. Though it had a lower initial velocity, velocity and energy were greater at longer ranges due to its efficient shape. The harder bullet was made of seven parts lead to one part antimony. The jacket material was changed to gilding metal (an alloy of 95% copper and 5% zinc) to reduce fouling.
* '''Ball, M2''' (''1937–1954''): With a {{convert|150|gr|g|abbr=in|adj=on|order=flip}} bullet based on the profile of the M1906, this cartridge incorporated the gilding-metal jacket of the M1 projectile combined with a slightly heavier, pure-lead core. It had a higher muzzle velocity than either of the earlier cartridges.
* '''Ball, M2 alternate''' (''1943–1945''): A wartime economy variant of the ball M2 that used a steel full metal jacket coated with gilding metal to conserve copper and tin.
* '''Blank, M1906''': This cartridge is used to simulate rifle fire. It is derived from the M1903 blank, but with a resized neck. It has a paper bullet that contains a tiny black powder charge to aid in breaking it up. 
* '''Blank, M1909''': This cartridge is used to simulate rifle fire. The cartridge is identified by having no bullet, having a [[cannelure]] in the neck of the case, and the crimp is sealed by red lacquer. This is still a current cartridge for ceremonial M1 Garands. Modern M1909 blanks are rose-crimped, but they have the same designation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ialegion.org/publications/M1_Garand_Manual.pdf |title=Instructional Guidance on the Operation and Maintenance of M1 Garand Rifle Firing the M1909 Blank Cartridge |access-date=2019-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107215347/http://www.ialegion.org/publications/M1_Garand_Manual.pdf |archive-date=2012-11-07 |url-status=dead}}.</ref>
[[File:FrankfordArsenalDrillRound.png|thumb|right| This dummy cartridge uses a modified case bearing the [[headstamp]] F A 4 09 indicating manufacture at Frankford Arsenal in April 1909. The case has been tin-plated, fluted with six longitudinal indentations, and perforated three times in alternating indentations. The hollow brass bullet retains a spring-loaded steel rod exposed in the primer pocket with 1/8-inch of possible forward movement when struck by the firing pin. This rod is intended for the Hollifield Target Practice Rod device -- a pointed rod within the barrel that would be propelled out of the barrel when struck by the steel rod in the dummy cartridge to prick a paper target held just in front of the rifle.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cartridgecollectors.org/?page=introduction-to-30-06-cartridges |title=An Introduction to Collecting .30-06 Cartridges |last=Punnett |first=Chris |publisher=International Ammunition Association, Inc. |access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref>]]
* '''Dummy, M40''': This cartridge is used for training. The cartridge case has six longitudinal corrugations and there is no primer.
* '''Explosive, T99''': Development of a cartridge that contained a small explosive charge that more effectively marked its impact. Often referred to as an "observation explosive" cartridge, it was meant to designate line-of-sight targets for cannon. The T99 was never adopted.
* '''Frangible, T44/M22''' (''April 1945''): The bullet disintegrates upon striking a hard or armored target, leaving a pencil-like mark to indicate a hit during bomber aerial gunnery practice. The bullet is identified by a green tip over a white ring.
* '''Gallery practice M1919''' '''/''' '''Guard M1''': A reduced-charge Ball cartridge with a 140-grain wax-coated lead round-nosed bullet used for target shooting at indoor facilities or near built-up areas. It was later renamed the ''Guard M1'' in 1933 and was used for guard and sentry duty at defense plants and military installations during World War II. 
* '''Guard M1906''' (''1907–1918''): A reduced-charge ball cartridge with a 150-grain FMJ pointed-nose bullet used for guard and sentry duty in built-up areas. The cartridge was originally marked with six cannelures in the middle, but this weakened the case and caused it to burst in a dirty rifle. It was later marked by six dents or flutes on the shoulder of the cartridge. Although production stopped in 1918, there were plenty of stocks of the oddball round left until the 1920s. 
* '''High-pressure test, M1''': The cartridge is used to proof test 30-06 rifles and machine guns after manufacture, test, or repair. The cartridge is identified by stannic-stained (silvered) cartridge case loaded to a pressure of {{convert|60000|-|70000|psi|MPa|1|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-12-11 |title=US T24 machine gun (MG42) |url=https://www.forgottenweapons.com/light-machine-guns/us-t24-machine-gun-mg42/ |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=www.forgottenweapons.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''Incendiary, M1917''': Early incendiary cartridge, bullet had a large cavity in the nose to allow the material to more easily shoot forward on impact. As a result, the M1917 had a tendency to expand on impact. The M1917 had a blackened tip.
* '''Incendiary, M1918''': Variant of the M1917 with a normal bullet profile to comply with [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907#Hague Convention of 1899|international laws]] regarding open-tipped expanding bullets.
* '''Incendiary, M1''': This cartridge is used against unarmored, flammable targets. The tip of the bullet is painted blue.
* '''Match, M72''': This cartridge is used in marksmanship competitions, and can be identified by the word ''MATCH'' on the [[headstamp]]. Ammunition lots loaded for use in specific competitions have been headstamped NM (National Match), IM (International Match), PM or P ([[International Confederation of Fullbore Rifle Associations|Palma Match]]), and I & P (International and Palma Matches). 
* '''Rifle Grenade cartridge, VB''' (''?-1933''): These cartridges were designed to launch the [[VB rifle grenade|Viven-Bessières rifle grenade]]. The VB rifle grenade was initiated when a Ball bullet passed through it. The Rifle Grenade Cartridge had a wooden bullet so it could have a reduced danger space when fired. It was used with inert Training/Practice grenades at training ranges that were near built-up areas. It had a "VB" [[headstamp]] to indicate its use.   
* '''Rifle Grenade Cartridges, M1''' (''1933–1945''), '''M2''' (''1941''), '''M3''' (''1941–1953''), and '''M3E1''' (''1953–present''): These cartridges are used in conjunction with the M7 series of rifle grenade launchers to propel rifle grenades. Rifle grenade cartridges utilize a full-size brass case and carry only a powder charge.  M1, M2, and M3 grenade cartridges are sealed at the case-mouth with a red wad and the M3E1 is crimped.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Introduction To Collecting .30-06 Cartridges - International Ammunition Association |url=http://cartridgecollectors.org/?page=introduction-to-30-06-cartridges |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=cartridgecollectors.org}}</ref> The differences between the three cartridges have to do with the powder charge and the range of grenade launchers. The M1 was a universal blank and rifle grenade cartridge that replaced the specialized rifle grenade (RG), chemical rifle grenade (CRG), and chemical warfare grenade (CWG) cartridges and was used with cup-discharger rifle grenade launchers. The M2 was an experimental cartridge used as a testbed; it used a propellant mixture of black powder and smokeless powder because it was feared that the smokeless powder would not reliably ignite by itself. The M3 was designed to be used with the M1 series (for the [[M1903 Springfield rifle]]), M2 series (for the [[M1917 Enfield rifle]]), and M7 series (for the [[M1 Garand rifle]]) [[M7 grenade launcher|spigot grenade launchers]] and used a propellant that was a mixture of five grains of FFFG black powder and 40 grains of IMR-4895 smokeless powder. The M3E1 featured an extended case neck, a rosepetal crimp, and a full smokeless powder loading and was designed for use with the [[M7 grenade launcher|M7A3 spigot rifle grenade launcher]] and larger [[ENERGA anti-tank rifle grenade|ENERGA rifle grenade]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inetres.com/gp/military/infantry/rifle/30_ammo.html |title=Gary's U.S. Infantry Weapons Reference Guide - .30 Caliber (.30-06 Springfield) Ammunition |access-date=2007-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222232/http://www.inetres.com/gp/military/infantry/rifle/30_ammo.html |archive-date=27 September 2007<!--Added by DASHBot-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cartridgecollectors.org/30-06intro/ |title=An Introduction to Collecting .30-06 |access-date=2007-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070919235222/http://cartridgecollectors.org/30-06intro/ |archive-date=19 September 2007<!--Added by DASHBot-->}}</ref> The grenade cartridges were issued in double-rowed 10-round cartons, usually as part of a set with the hermetically-sealed metal M13 ''grenade launcher assortment'' ammo can.
* '''Tracer, M1''': Tracer for observing fire, signaling, target designation, and incendiary purposes. The M1 has a red tip.
* '''Tracer, M2''': Tracer for observing fire, signaling, target designation, and incendiary purposes. Has a short burn time. The M2 originally had a white tip, but then switched to a red tip like the M1. This was due to the similar purpose of both rounds. 
* '''Tracer, M2 alternate''' (''1943–1945''): A wartime economy variant of the tracer M2 that used a steel full metal jacket coated with gilding metal. It was ballistically matched to the ball M2 alternate.
* '''Tracer, T10/M25''': Improved tracer over M1 & M2. Designed to be less intense in terms of brightness than either the M1 or M2 tracers. The M25 had an orange tip.

===Commonwealth===
The .30-06 (or "caliber .30") cartridge was adopted in 1940 during the beginnings of the [[Lend-Lease|Lend-Lease program]] in anticipation of using American weapons in front-line service. The British used American-made ammunition during the war, which was designated as ''cartridge S.A, .30'' to avoid confusing it with their own [[.303 British]] service round. It was used after the war as belted machinegun ammunition by the Royal Armored Corps and was not declared obsolete until October, 1993. The "z" after the numeral indicates that it used a nitrocellulose propellant rather than cordite. Marks of ammunition were originally designated with Roman numerals (i.e., .303 Ball Mark VII), but were replaced with Arabic numerals by 1945 (i.e., .303 Ball MK 7).
* '''Cartridge S.A, .30 ball MK Iz''': This was the War Ministry's designation for the 172-grain .30-06 Ball M1 round. It was not accepted for use in service, as the American military had already marked it as limited standard. 
* '''Cartridge S.A, .30 ball MK IIz''': This was the War Ministry's designation for the 150-grain .30-06 Ball M2 round. Lend-Lease ammo made for the British government had no mark designation and was headstamped ''.300z''. 
* '''Cartridge S.A, .30 ball MK 3z''': This was the designation for an experimental round designed in 1945 for Royal Navy use that was based on the .30-06 ball M2. It was not adopted for service. 
* '''Cartridge S.A, .30 ball MK 4z''': This is a boat-tailed cartridge with a 150-grain full metal jacketed bullet. It is marked with a purple annulus. It was normally packed in 20-round cartons. However, Commonwealth countries that used the M1 Garand (like Pakistan) bundled it in 16-round cartons that contained two preloaded 8-round Mannlicher-style en-bloc clips.
* '''Cartridge S.A, .30 ball MK 5z''': This was made under contract by [[Fabrique Nationale]] in the 1970s. 
* '''Cartridge S.A, tracer .30 inch G Mark 1z''': This is a boat-tailed cartridge with a 150-grain full metal jacketed bullet and a Berdan primer. It is marked with a red annulus and has a [[headstamp]] of ''.30 G1z''.
* '''Cartridge S.A, tracer .30 inch G Mark 2z''': This was made under contract by Fabrique Nationale in the 1970s and is paired with .30 ball MK 5z. It is the same as the ''G Mark 1z'', except it has a non-corrosive Berdan primer. It is marked with a red bullet tip and has a [[headstamp]] of ''.30 G2z''.
* '''Cartridge S.A., incendiary .30 inch B Mark Iz''': US-made incendiary M1 cartridges.
* '''Cartridge S.A., incendiary .30 inch B Mark IIz''': UK-made incendiary M1 cartridges. 
* '''Cartridge S.A., drill .30 inch Mark I''': This was the War Ministry's designation for the US dummy M40 round. It had green paint on its flutes.
* '''Cartridge S.A., drill .30 inch Mark II''': US dummy M40 round made by the UK from used US .30-06 cases. It had a recapped [[headstamp]], ball or AP bullet over a wooden dowel, and red paint on its flutes.
* '''Cartridge S.A., drill .30 inch Mark III''': Training cartridge made by the Indian Army. Although described and specified in a 1945 ammunition manual, no copies have been discovered.
* '''Cartridge S.A., drill .30 inch Mark IV''':
* '''Cartridge S.A., drill .30 inch Mark 5''':

===French Union===
The .30-06 round was adopted in 1949 for use in American war surplus military aid weapons like the M1 Garand and M1919 medium machinegun. Military production was from the 1950s to the mid-1960s, while export production to French Union nations lasted until the late 1980s. Cartridge cases were softer than US specifications to prohibit their being recovered and reloaded by insurgents.  
* '''''7.62mm Modele 1949 Cartouche à Balle Ordinaire''''': This cartridge was based on the USGI .30-06 ball M2 (alternate) round. It had a cupro-nickel- or gilding-metal-clad steel jacket with either a brass or lacquered [[Parkerizing|Parkerized]] steel case with a Berdan primer.
* '''''7.62mm Modele 1951 Cartouche à blanc pour Fusil''''': This blank cartridge has a [[papier-mâché]] bullet for training use in rifles. The bullet is painted green to tell it apart from regular ammo.
* '''''7.62mm Modele 1951 Cartouche à blanc pour Fusil-Mitrailleur''''': This blank cartridge has a wooden bullet for training use in machineguns. The bullet is painted or tinted blue to tell it apart from regular ammo.
* '''''7.62mm Modele 1952 Cartouche à blanc''''': This blank cartridge has a lacquered Parkerized steel case and is sealed by a blue cardboard disc at the case mouth.