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Adsorption
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===Characteristics and general requirements=== [[Image:Activated Carbon.jpg|thumb|Activated carbon is used as an adsorbent]] Adsorbents are used usually in the form of spherical pellets, rods, moldings, or monoliths with a [[hydrodynamic radius]] between 0.25 and 5 mm. They must have high [[Abrasion (mechanical)|abrasion]] resistance, high [[thermal stability]] and small pore diameters, which results in higher exposed surface area and hence high capacity for adsorption. The adsorbents must also have a distinct pore structure that enables fast transport of the gaseous vapors.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yi |first1=Honghong |title=Effect of the Adsorbent Pore Structure on the Separation of Carbon Dioxide and Methane Gas Mixtures |journal=Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data |date=April 2015 |volume=60 |issue=5 |pages=1388β1395 |doi=10.1021/je501109q |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/je501109q |access-date=21 April 2023|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Most industrial adsorbents fall into one of three classes: * Oxygen-containing compounds β Are typically hydrophilic and polar, including materials such as [[silica gel]], [[limestone]] (calcium carbonate)<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Mixture of CaCO<sub>3</sub> Polymorphs Serves as Best Adsorbent of Heavy Metals in Quadruple System|doi=10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000651|year=2022|last1=Viswambari Devi|first1=R|last2=Nair|first2=Vijay V|last3=Sathyamoorthy|first3=P|last4=Doble|first4=Mukesh|journal=Journal of Hazardous, Toxic & Radioactive Waste|volume=26|issue=1|s2cid=240454883 }}</ref> and [[zeolite]]s. * Carbon-based compounds β Are typically hydrophobic and non-polar, including materials such as [[activated carbon]] and [[graphite]]. * Polymer-based compounds β Are polar or non-polar, depending on the functional groups in the polymer matrix.
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