Editing Adverse effect (section)

===Medical procedures===
[[Surgery]] may have a number of undesirable or harmful effects, such as [[infection]], [[Bleeding|hemorrhage]], [[inflammation]], [[scar]]ring, loss of function, or changes in local [[blood flow]]. They can be reversible or irreversible, and a compromise must be found by the physician and the patient between the beneficial or life-saving consequences of surgery versus its adverse effects. For example, a limb may be lost to [[amputation]] in case of untreatable [[gangrene]], but the patient's life is saved. Presently, one of the greatest advantages of [[minimally invasive procedure|minimally invasive]] surgery, such as [[laparoscopic surgery]], is the reduction of adverse effects.

Other nonsurgical physical procedures, such as high-intensity [[radiation therapy]], may cause [[burn]]s and alterations in the [[skin]]. In general, these therapies try to avoid damage to healthy [[tissue (biology)|tissues]] while maximizing the therapeutic effect.

[[Vaccination]] may have adverse effects due to the nature of its biological preparation, sometimes using [[attenuated vaccine|attenuated]] [[pathogen]]s and [[toxin]]s. Common adverse effects may be [[fever]], [[malaise]] and local reactions in the vaccination site. Very rarely, there is a serious adverse effect, such as [[eczema vaccinatum]], a severe, sometimes fatal complication which may result in persons who have [[eczema]] or atopic [[dermatitis]].

[[Medical diagnosis|Diagnostic]] procedures may also have adverse effects, depending much on whether they are [[invasive (medical)|invasive]], [[minimally invasive procedure|minimally invasive]] or [[non-invasive (medical)|noninvasive]]. For example, [[allergy|allergic]] reactions to [[radiocontrast]] materials often occur, and a [[colonoscopy]] may cause the perforation of the [[intestine|intestinal]] wall.