Editing Alpha cell (section)

=== Type II Diabetes ===
Patients with Type II diabetes will have elevated glucagon levels during a fast and after eating.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Lund |first1=Asger |last2=Bagger |first2=Jonatan I. |last3=Christensen |first3=Mikkel |last4=Knop |first4=Filip K. |last5=Vilsbøll |first5=Tina |date=December 2014 |title=Glucagon and Type 2 Diabetes: the Return of the Alpha Cell |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11892-014-0555-4 |journal=Current Diabetes Reports |language=en |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=555 |doi=10.1007/s11892-014-0555-4 |pmid=25344790 |s2cid=6159190 |issn=1534-4827|url-access=subscription }}</ref> These elevated glucagon levels over stimulate the liver to undergo gluconeogenesis, leading to elevated blood glucose levels.<ref name=":9" /> Consistently high blood glucose levels can lead to organ damage, neuropathy, blindness, cardiovascular issues and bone and joint problems.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyperglycemia in diabetes - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperglycemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373631 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en}}</ref> It is not entirely clear why glucagon levels are so high in patients with Type II diabetes. One theory is that the alpha cells have become resistant to the inhibitory effects of glucose and insulin and do not respond properly to them.<ref name=":9" /> Another theory is that nutrient stimulation of the gastrointestinal tract, thus the secretion of [[gastric inhibitory polypeptide]] and [[Glucagon-like peptide-1]], is a very important factor in the elevated secretion of glucagon.<ref name=":9" />