Editing Animal echolocation (section)

==== Bat evolution ====

Bats evolved at the start of the [[Eocene]] epoch, around 64 [[myr|mya]]. The Yangochiroptera appeared some 55 mya, and the Rhinolophoidea some 52 mya.<ref name="Teeling Springer Madsen Bates 2005">{{cite journal | last1=Teeling | first1=Emma C. | last2=Springer | first2=Mark S. | last3=Madsen | first3=Ole | last4=Bates | first4=Paul | last5=O'Brien | first5=Stephen J. | last6=Murphy | first6=William J. | title=A Molecular Phylogeny for Bats Illuminates Biogeography and the Fossil Record | journal=Science | publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) | volume=307 | issue=5709 | date=28 January 2005 | issn=0036-8075 | doi=10.1126/science.1105113 | pages=580–584 | pmid=15681385 | bibcode=2005Sci...307..580T | s2cid=25912333 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mark-Springer/publication/8051516_A_Molecular_Phylogeny_for_Bats_Illuminates_Biogeography_and_the_Fossil_Record/links/00b4951800240564a6000000/A-Molecular-Phylogeny-for-Bats-Illuminates-Biogeography-and-the-Fossil-Record.pdf <!--author's website-->}}</ref>

There are two hypotheses about the evolution of echolocation in bats. The first suggests that [[Larynx |laryngeal]] echolocation evolved twice, or more, in Chiroptera, at least once in the [[Yangochiroptera]] and at least once in the horseshoe bats (Rhinolophidae):<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Teeling |first1=Emma C. |last2=Scally |first2=Mark |last3=Kao |first3=Diana J. |last4=Romagnoli |first4=Michael L. |last5=Springer |first5=Mark S. |last6=Stanhope |first6=Michael J. |title=Molecular evidence regarding the origin of echolocation and flight in bats |journal=Nature |volume=403 |issue=6766 |pages=188–192 |date=January 2000 |pmid=10646602 |doi=10.1038/35003188 |bibcode=2000Natur.403..188T |s2cid=205004782 }}; {{cite web | title=Order Chiroptera (Bats) | publisher=Animal Diversity Web |url= http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chiroptera.html |access-date =2007-12-30 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071221224447/http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chiroptera.html |archive-date= 21 December 2007 }}; {{Cite journal |last1=Nojiri |first1=Taro |last2=Wilson |first2=Laura A. B. |last3=López-Aguirre |first3=Camilo |last4=Tu |first4=Vuong Tan |last5=Kuratani |first5=Shigeru |last6=Ito |first6=Kai |last7=Higashiyama |first7=Hiroki |last8=Son |first8=Nguyen Truong |last9=Fukui |first9=Dai |last10=Sadier |first10=Alexa |last11=Sears |first11=Karen E. |display-authors=3 |date=2021-04-12 |title=Embryonic evidence uncovers convergent origins of laryngeal echolocation in bats |journal=Current Biology |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=1353–1365.e3 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.043 |issn=0960-9822 |pmid=33675700 |s2cid=232125726 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2021CBio...31E1353N |hdl=1885/286428 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> 

{{clade
|label1=[[Chiroptera]]
|1={{clade
   |1={{clade
      |1=[[Yangochiroptera]] 
      |sublabel1=''''' CF ''' (Early [[Eocene]])''
      |2={{clade
         |label1=<!--[[Yinpterochiroptera]]-->
         |1={{clade
            |label1=[[Pteropodidae]] 
            |1={{clade
               |1={{clade
                  |1=fruit bats
                  |2='''''[[Rousettus]]'''''
                  |sublabel2='''''tongue-clicking'''''
                  }}
               }}
            |label2=[[Rhinolophoidea]]
            |sublabel2=''''' FM ''' (Early [[Eocene]])''
            |2={{clade
               |1=[[Megadermatidae]] 
               |2=horseshoe bats
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

The second proposes that laryngeal echolocation had a single origin in Chiroptera, i.e. that it was [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] to the group, and was subsequently lost in the family [[Pteropodidae]].<ref name="Jebb Huang Pippel 2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Jebb |first1=David |last2=Huang |first2=Zixia |last3=Pippel |first3=Martin |last4=Hughes |first4=Graham M. |last5=Lavrichenko |first5=Ksenia |last6=Devanna |first6=Paolo |last7=Winkler |first7=Sylke |last8=Jermiin |first8=Lars S. |last9=Skirmuntt |first9=Emilia C. |last10=Katzourakis |first10=Aris |last11=Burkitt-Gray |first11=Lucy |display-authors=3 |date=July 2020 |title=Six reference-quality genomes reveal evolution of bat adaptations |journal=Nature |volume=583 |issue=7817 |pages=578–584 |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2486-3 |issn=1476-4687 |pmc=8075899 |pmid=32699395 |bibcode=2020Natur.583..578J}}; {{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Zhe |last2=Zhu |first2=Tengteng |last3=Xue |first3=Huiling |last4=Fang |first4=Na |last5=Zhang |first5=Junpeng |last6=Zhang |first6=Libiao |last7=Pang |first7=Jian |last8=Teeling |first8=Emma C. |last9=Zhang |first9=Shuyi |display-authors=3 |date=2017-01-09 |title=Prenatal development supports a single origin of laryngeal echolocation in bats |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-016-0021 |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=1 |issue=2 |page=21 |doi=10.1038/s41559-016-0021 |pmid=28812602 |bibcode=2017NatEE...1...21W |s2cid=29068452 |issn=2397-334X|url-access=subscription }}; {{Cite journal |last1=Thiagavel |first1=Jeneni |last2=Cechetto |first2=Clément |last3=Santana |first3=Sharlene E. |last4=Jakobsen |first4=Lasse |last5=Warrant |first5=Eric J. |last6=Ratcliffe |first6=John M. |display-authors=3 |date=December 2018 |title=Auditory opportunity and visual constraint enabled the evolution of echolocation in bats |journal=Nature Communications |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=98 |doi=10.1038/s41467-017-02532-x |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=5758785 |pmid=29311648 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9...98T }}; {{Cite journal |last=Teeling |first=Emma C. |date=July 2009 |title=Hear, hear: the convergent evolution of echolocation in bats? |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169534709001487 |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |volume=24 |issue=7 |pages=351–354 |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2009.02.012 |pmid=19482373 |bibcode=2009TEcoE..24..351T |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Later, the genus ''[[Rousettus]]'' in the Pteropodidae family evolved a different mechanism of echolocation using a system of tongue-clicking:<ref name="Springer Teeling Madsen 2001">{{cite journal |last1=Springer |first1=Mark S. |last2=Teeling |first2=Emma C. |last3=Madsen |first3=Ole |last4=Stanhope |first4=Michael J. |last5=de Jong |first5=Wilfried W. |display-authors=3 |title=Integrated fossil and molecular data reconstruct bat echolocation |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=98 |issue=11 |pages=6241–6246 |date=May 2001 |pmid=11353869 |pmc=33452 |doi=10.1073/pnas.111551998 |bibcode=2001PNAS...98.6241S |doi-access=free }}</ref>

{{clade
|label1=[[Chiroptera]]
|sublabel1=''''' CF ''' (Earliest [[Eocene]])''
|1={{clade
   |1={{clade
      |1=[[Yangochiroptera]] 
      |2={{clade
         |label1=<!--[[Yinpterochiroptera]]-->
         |1={{clade
            |label1=[[Pteropodidae]] 
            |sublabel1='''''CF lost'''''
            |1={{clade
               |1={{clade
                  |1=fruit bats
                  |2='''''[[Rousettus]]'''''
                  |sublabel2='''''tongue-clicking'''''
                  }}
               }}
            |label2=[[Rhinolophoidea]]
            |sublabel2=''''' FM ''' (Early [[Eocene]])''
            |2={{clade
               |1=[[Megadermatidae]] 
               |2=horseshoe bats
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}