Editing Arch (section)

=== Pointed ===
[[File:Spitzbogen.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Pointed arches, 1 - equilateral with trefoil treatment, 2 - blunt, 3 - lancet, 4 - ogee, 5 - four-centred, 6 - curtain (inflexed), 7 - pointed horseshoe]]
{{main|Pointed arch}}
A [[pointed arch]] consists of two ("''[[two-centred arch]]''"{{sfn | Woodman | Bloom | 2003 | loc=Two-centred}}) or more circle segments culminating in a point at the top. It originated in the Islamic architecture, arrived in Europe in the second half of the 11th century ([[Cluny Abbey]]){{sfn | Woodman | Bloom | 2003 | loc=Pointed}} and later became prominent in the [[Gothic architecture]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Crossley|first=Paul|title=Gothic Architecture|year=2000|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, CT|isbn=978-0-300-08799-4|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LBZ6781vvOwC&q=gothic+architecture|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> The advantages of a pointed arch over a semicircular one are flexible ratio of [[Span (engineering)|span]] to [[Rise (arch)|rise]]{{sfn | Bond | 1905 | p=265}} and lower horizontal reaction at the base. This innovation allowed for taller and more closely spaced openings, which are typical of Gothic architecture.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hadrovic|first=Ahmet|title=Structural Systems in Architecture|year=2009|publisher=On Demand Publishing|isbn=978-1-4392-5944-3|page=289}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=MHHE |title=Structural Systems in Architecture |url=http://dev5.mhhe.com/textflowdev/genhtml/0073379204/13.1.htm |publisher=MHHE.com |access-date=3 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313101430/http://dev5.mhhe.com/textflowdev/genhtml/0073379204/13.1.htm |archive-date=13 March 2013 }}</ref> [[Equilateral arch]] is the most common form of the pointed arch, with the centers of two circles forming the intrados coinciding with the springing points of the opposite segment. Together with the [[Apex (geometry)|apex]] point, they form an [[equilateral triangle]], thus the name.{{sfn | Woodman | Bloom | 2003 | loc=Equilateral}} If the centers of circles are farther apart, the arch becomes a narrower and sharper [[lancet arch]] that appeared in France in the [[Early Gothic architecture]] ([[Saint-Denis Abbey]]) and became prominent in England in the late 12th and early 13th centuries ([[Salisbury Cathedral]]).{{sfn | Woodman | Bloom | 2003 | loc=Lancet}} If the centers are closer to another, the result is a wider [[blunt arch]].

The intrados of the [[cusped arch]] (also known as ''multifoil arch'', ''polyfoil arch'', ''polylobed arch'', and ''scalloped arch'') includes several independent circle segments in a [[scalloped]] arrangement. These primarily decorative arches are common in Islamic architecture and Northern European Late Gothic, can be found in [[Romanesque architecture]].{{sfn | Woodman | Bloom | 2003 | loc=Cusped}} A similar [[trefoil arch]] includes only three segments and sometimes has a rounded, not pointed, top. Common in Islamic architecture and Romanesque buildings influenced by it, it later became popular in the decorative motifs of the Late Gothic designs of Northern Europe.{{sfn | Woodman | Bloom | 2003 | loc=Trefoil}}

Each arc of an [[ogee arch]] consists of at least two circle segments (for a total of at least four), with the center of an upper circle being outside the extrados. After European appearance in the 13th century on the facade of the [[St Mark's Basilica]], the arch became a fixture of the [[English Gothic architecture#Decorated Gothic (late 13th–late 14th centuries)|English Decorated style]], French [[Flamboyant]], [[Venetian Gothic|Venetian]], and other Late Gothic styles.{{sfn | Woodman | Bloom | 2003 | loc=Ogee}} Ogee arch is also known as ''reversed curve arch'', occasionally also called an ''inverted arch''.{{sfn | Woodman | Bloom | 2003 | loc=Inverted}} The top of an ogee arch sometimes projects beyond the wall, forming the so-called ''nodding ogee'' popular in 14th century England ([[pulpitum]] in [[Southwell Minster]]).{{sfn | Woodman | Bloom | 2003 | loc=Nodding}}

Each arc of a [[four-centred arch]] is made of two circle segments with distinct centers; usually the radius used closer to the springing point is smaller with a more pronounced curvature. Common in Islamic architecture ([[Persian arch]]), and, with upper portion flattened  almost to straight lines ([[Tudor arch]]{{sfn | Woodman | Bloom | 2003 | loc=Tudor}}), in the English [[Perpendicular Gothic]].{{sfn | Woodman | Bloom | 2003 | loc=Four-centred}}A [[keel arch]] is a variant of four-centred arch with haunches almost straight, resembling a section view of a [[capsized]] ship. Popular in Islamic architecture, it can be also found in Europe, occasionally with a small ogee element at the top,{{sfn | Woodman | Bloom | 2003 | loc=Keel}} so it is sometimes considered to be a variation of an ogee arch.{{sfn |Curl|2006|loc=ogee arch p=37}} 
 
'''Curtain arch''' (also known as '''inflexed arch''', and, like the keel arch, usually decorative<ref name=treccani/>) uses two (or more) drooping curves that join at the apex. Utilized as a dressing for windows and doors primarily in [[Saxony]] in the Late Gothic and early Renaissance buildings (late 15th to early 16th century), associated with {{ill|Arnold von Westfalen|de}}.{{sfn | Woodman | Bloom | 2003 | loc=Curtain}} When the intrados has multiple concave segments, the arch is also called a '''draped arch''' or '''tented arch'''.{{sfn | Davies | Jokiniemi | 2012 | p=153}} A similar arch that uses a mixture of curved and straight segments{{sfn | Martinez Nespral | 2023 | p=15}} or exhibits sharp turns between segments{{sfn | Woodman | Bloom | 2003 | loc= Indian subcontinent and Islamic lands }} is a [[mixed-line arch]] (or ''mixtilinear arch''). In [[Moorish architecture]] the mixed-line arch evolved into an ornate [[lambrequin arch]],<ref>{{Cite book | first1=Marianne |last1 = Barrucand | first2=Achim |last2 = Bednorz | title=Architecture maure en Andalousie | publisher=PML Éditions | date =1995 | page=162 | isbn= | language=fr}}</ref>  also known as ''[[muqarnas]] arch''.

<gallery>
File:Flickr - Gaspa - Cairo, Moschea di Ibn-Tulun (24).jpg|Pointed arches of [[Mosque of Ibn Tulun]] (9th century [[Anno Domini|AD]])
File:20191203 Diwan-i-Khas, Red Fort, Delhi 0507 6368 DxO.jpg|Cusped arch in [[Diwan-i-Khas (Red Fort)]] 
File:Normandie Calvados Bayeux4 tango7174.jpg|Trefoil arch in the [[Bayeux Cathedral]]
File:N2 layer marney3.jpg|Tudor arch at [[Layer Marney Tower]]
File:A 14th century lady - geograph.org.uk - 1341596.jpg|Ogee arch at [[St Mary the Virgin, Silchester]]
File:Nodding ogee niche.jpg|Nodding ogee niche at [[St Peter's Church, Walpole St Peter]]
File:Keel_arches.jpg|Keel arches at {{ill|Palazzo Guadagni|it}}
File:Schloss Hartenfels, Torgau 2H1A5753WI.jpg|Curtain arches over windows in {{ill|Hartenfels Castle|de|Schloss Hartenfels}}
File:Draped arch.png|A draped arch at the {{ill|Palacio de Gobierno de Tlaxcala|es|lt=Government Palace of Tlaxcala}} (1545)
File:Salamanca Escuelas Menores 494.jpg|Mixed-line arches at {{ill|Escuelas Menores (Salamanca)|es}}
File:Lambrequin arch.jpg|Lambrequin arch at [[Bahia Palace]] in [[Morocco]]
</gallery>