Editing Arrow (section)

=== Fletchings ===
{{main|Fletching}}
[[Image:DFRArrow (1).jpg|thumb|Straight parabolic [[fletching]]s on an arrow.]]
Fletchings are found at the back of the arrow and act as [[airfoil]]s to provide a small amount of force used to stabilize the flight of the arrow. They are designed to keep the arrow pointed in the direction of travel by strongly damping down any tendency to [[Flight dynamics|pitch or yaw]]. Some cultures, for example most in [[New Guinea]], did not use fletching on their arrows.<ref>Gardens of War: Life and Death in the New Guinea Stone Age. Robert Gardner. Deutsch 1969. {{ISBN|0-233-96140-2}}, {{ISBN|978-0-233-96140-8}}</ref> Also, arrows without fletching (called '''bare shaft''') are used for training purposes, because they make certain errors by the archer more visible.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Stonebraker|first1=Rick|title=Tune for Tens|url=http://texasarchery.org/BoardMembers/RickStonebrakerPages/TuningForTens/TuningForTens.html|website=texasarchery.org|access-date=23 June 2016|date=2000|quote=WHY A BARE SHAFT? If shot at short distance through paper into a butt, a bare shaft will reveal improper thrust effects since aerodynamics will not have time to straighten out the flight of the arrow. It will literally fly sideways through the paper creating a tell-tale pattern if the tune is bad. Fletching would straighten out the arrow's flight and make this first stage of tuning more difficult.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701063326/http://texasarchery.org/BoardMembers/RickStonebrakerPages/TuningForTens/TuningForTens.html|archive-date=1 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Fletchings are traditionally made from [[feather]]s (often from a [[goose]] or [[Turkey (bird)|turkey]]) bound to the arrow's shaft, but are now often made of [[plastic]] (known as "vanes"). Historically, some arrows used for the [[proofing of armour]] used [[copper]] vanes.<ref>{{cite book| last=Ffoulkes|first=Charles |author-link = Charles ffoulkes|title=The Armourer and his Craft|year=1988|orig-year=1912|edition=Dover reprint|publisher=Dover Publications|isbn=0-486-25851-3}}</ref> Flight archers may use razor blades for fletching, in order to reduce air resistance. With conventional three-feather fletching, one feather, called the "cock" feather, is at a right angle to the nock, and is normally nocked so that it will not contact the bow when the arrow is shot. Four-feather fletching is usually symmetrical and there is no preferred orientation for the nock; this makes nocking the arrow slightly easier.

Natural feathers are usually prepared by splitting and sanding the quill before gluing.  Further, the feather may be trimmed to shape, die-cut or burned by a hot electrically heated wire. It is crucial that all the feathers of an arrow have the same drag, so manual trimming is rarely used by modern fletchers. The burning-wire method is popular because different shapes are possible by bending the wire, and the fletching can be symmetrically trimmed after gluing by rotating the arrow on a fixture.

Some fletchings are dyed. Two-toned fletchings usually make each fletching from two feathers knit together. The front fletching is often camouflaged, and the rear fletching bright so that the archer can easily track the arrow.

Artisans who make arrows by hand are known as "fletchers", a word related to the French word for arrow, ''flèche.''  This is the same derivation as the verb "fletch", meaning to provide an arrow with its feathers. Glue and thread are the traditional methods of attaching fletchings.  A "fletching jig" is often used in modern times, to hold the fletchings in exactly the right orientation on the shaft while the glue hardens.

Whenever natural fletching is used, the feathers on any one arrow must come from the same wing of the bird, the most common being the right-wing flight feathers of turkeys. The slight cupping of natural feathers requires them to be fletched with a right-twist for right wing, a left-twist for left wing. This rotation, through a combination of gyroscopic stabilization and increased drag on the rear of the arrow, helps the arrow to fly straight away.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.huntersfriend.com/archery-help/hunting-target-arrows-selection-guide-chapter-1.html|title=Carbon Arrow University|website=www.huntersfriend.com|access-date=2016-04-22}}</ref>  Artificial ''helical'' fletchings have the same effect. Most arrows will have three fletches, but some have four or even more. Fletchings generally range from {{convert|2|to|6|in|mm|-1|spell=in}} in length; flight arrows intended to travel the maximum possible distance typically have very low fletching, while hunting arrows with broadheads require long and high fletching to stabilize them against the aerodynamic effect of the head. Fletchings may also be cut in different ways, the two most common being ''parabolic'' (i.e. a smooth curved shape) and ''shield'' (i.e. shaped as one-half of a very narrow shield) cut.

In modern archery with screw-in points, right-hand rotation is generally preferred as it makes the points self-tighten.  In traditional archery, some archers prefer a left rotation because it gets the hard (and sharp) quill of the feather farther away from the arrow-shelf and the shooter's hand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.huntersfriend.com/archery-help/traditional-recurve-bow-and-longbow-selection-guide.html|title=Traditional Bow Selection Guide|website=www.huntersfriend.com|access-date=2016-04-22}}</ref>

A [[Flu-flu arrow|flu-flu]] is a type of fletching normally made by using long sections of full length feathers taken from a turkey; in most cases, six or more sections are used rather than the traditional three. Alternatively two long feathers can be spiraled around the end of the arrow shaft. The extra fletching generates more drag and slows the arrow down rapidly after a short distance of about {{convert|30|m|abbr=on}} or so. Flu-flu arrows are often used for hunting birds, or for children's archery, and can also be used to play [[Flu-flu arrow|flu-flu golf]].