Editing Artificial reef (section)

=== Debris ===
There are concerns that the placement of opportunity artificial reefs will be abused and become a pretext for disguised ocean dumping. Regulatory measures have been put forward by the U.S. and internationally in an effort to counter abuses, but may provide little protection.<ref name="Macdonald">{{cite journal |last1=Macdonald |first1=John M. |title=Artificial reef debate: Habitat enhancement or waste disposal? |journal=Ocean Development & International Law |date=January 1994 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=87–118 |doi=10.1080/00908329409546027 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00908329409546027 |access-date=16 June 2023 |language=en |issn=0090-8320|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Airoldi">{{cite journal |last1=Airoldi |first1=Laura |last2=Beck |first2=Michael W. |last3=Firth |first3=Louise B. |last4=Bugnot |first4=Ana B. |last5=Steinberg |first5=Peter D. |last6=Dafforn |first6=Katherine A. |title=Emerging Solutions to Return Nature to the Urban Ocean |journal=Annual Review of Marine Science |date=3 January 2021 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=445–477 |doi=10.1146/annurev-marine-032020-020015 |pmid=32867567 |bibcode=2021ARMS...13..445A |hdl=10026.1/16842 |s2cid=221402720 |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-marine-032020-020015 |language=en |issn=1941-1405|hdl-access=free }}</ref>

[[File:Tire reef.jpg|thumb|[[Waste tires]] being placed in an array to investigate their effectiveness as a fish habitat, Pokai Bay, Oahu, July 1969.]]
Some artificial reefs have been found to be less stable than originally hoped, breaking into component parts that become ocean refuse, washing onto natural reefs and beaches and damaging them.
In the early 1970s [[waste tires]] were used to create a number of artificial reefs. [[Tropical storm]]s later demolished the tire containment system, washing tires onto beaches, [[coral reef destruction|destroying nearby coral reefs]] and inhibiting new coral growth.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Allen|first1=Greg|title=Fallout from Bad '70s Idea: Auto Tires in Ocean Reef|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11462066|access-date=8 March 2016|publisher=NPR|date=5 July 2007}}</ref> On the [[Osborne Reef]] off the coast of [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida]], storms broke the nylon straps holding the original tire bundles together. As of November 2019, 250,000<ref name="2019-11-13 WPLG">{{cite news |last1=Stanwood |first1=Janine |date=2019-11-13 |title=Hundreds of thousands of tires being removed off Fort Lauderdale coast |url=https://www.local10.com/news/2019/11/14/hundreds-of-thousands-of-tires-being-removed-off-fort-lauderdale-coast/ |url-status=live |language=en |location=[[Fort Lauderdale, Florida]] |publisher=[[WPLG]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807155124/https://www.local10.com/news/2019/11/14/hundreds-of-thousands-of-tires-being-removed-off-fort-lauderdale-coast/ |archive-date=2020-08-07 |access-date=2021-01-08 |quote=Reef project gone wrong; crews now working to remove mass collection of tires}}</ref> of an estimated 700,000 tires have been removed.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fleshler|first1=David|title=Push is on to remove thousands of tires on ocean floor in Fort Lauderdale|url=http://www.sun-sentinel.com/local/broward/fl-ocean-tire-removal-20160630-story.html|access-date=4 July 2016|publisher=Sun Sentinel|date=30 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Fleshler|first1=David|title=Fixing a catastrophe: Divers removing 90,000 tires from ocean|url=http://www.sun-sentinel.com/local/broward/fl-tire-removal-20150514-story.html|access-date=8 March 2016|publisher=Sun Sentinel|date=15 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Osborne Tire Reef|url=http://www.projectbaseline.org/gulfstream/project-baseline-gulfstream-projects/the-osborne-tire-reef/|website=projectbaseline.org|publisher=Project Baseline|access-date=14 March 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314214913/http://www.projectbaseline.org/gulfstream/project-baseline-gulfstream-projects/the-osborne-tire-reef/|archive-date=14 March 2016}}</ref><ref name=enn>{{cite news|url=http://www.enn.com/top_stories/article/6895 |title=Florida Raises Ill-Fated Artificial Reefs |last=Loney |first=Jim |agency=Reuters |publisher=Enn.com |date=9 July 2007 |access-date=5 April 2015}}</ref>
[[France]] has begun removing its tire reefs.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ferrer|first1=Sandra|title=France hits reverse on sinking tyres for artificial reefs|url=http://phys.org/news/2015-05-france-reverse-tyres-artificial-reefs.html|access-date=8 March 2016|publisher=Phys.org|date=22 May 2015}}</ref> The [[Ocean Conservancy]] now includes tire removal during the International Coastal Cleanup in September of each year.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gaskill|first1=Melissa|title=Scuba Divers Left Picking Up Pieces After Tire Artificial Reef Projects Fail|url=http://www.sportdiver.com/scuba-diving-rubber-tire-artificial-reefs-france-florida|website=sportdiver.com|access-date=28 May 2016}}</ref>
Since 2021, [[4Ocean]] has added collecting tires from the bottom to their cleanup operations as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.today.com/video/inside-the-efforts-to-remove-millions-of-tires-dumped-into-the-ocean-decades-ago-129828421589|title=Inside the efforts to remove millions of tires dumped into the ocean decades ago|website=today.com|date=30 December 2021|access-date=19 March 2023}}</ref>

Some attempts to construct artificial surfing reefs have also been problematic.<ref name="Blacka"/> A number of early surfing installations used geotextile bags filled with sand which degraded more quickly than anticipated.<ref name="Borrero"/>  Cases such as [[Pratte's Reef]] in [[California]] and Mount Reef at [[Mount Maunganui]] in New Zealand have required extensive remediation work to remove materials. In some cases, remediation has cost more than the original installation.<ref name="Blacka"/><ref name="redux"/><ref name="Maunganui"/> It has been argued that this approach to reef construction is fundamentally flawed.<ref name="Gegan"/>