Editing Austronesian languages (section)

===={{vanchor|Sagart}} (2004, 2021)====
[[File:Formosan languages Sagart 2021.png|thumb|Nested branches of Austronesian languages according to Sagart. Languages colored red are outside the other branches but are not subgrouped. Kradai and Malayo-Polynesian would also be purple.]]
Sagart (2004) proposes that the numerals of the Formosan languages reflect a nested series of innovations, from languages in the northwest (near the putative landfall of the Austronesian migration from the mainland), which share only the numerals 1–4 with proto-Malayo-Polynesian, counter-clockwise to the eastern languages (purple on map), which share all numerals 1–10. Sagart (2021) finds other shared innovations that follow the same pattern. He proposes that pMP *lima 'five' is a lexical replacement (from 'hand'), and that pMP *pitu 'seven', *walu 'eight' and *Siwa 'nine' are contractions of pAN *RaCep 'five', a ligature *a or *i 'and', and *duSa 'two', *telu 'three', *Sepat 'four', an analogical pattern historically attested from [[Pazeh language|Pazeh]]. The fact that the [[Kradai languages]] share the numeral system (and other lexical innovations) of pMP suggests that they are a coordinate branch with Malayo-Polynesian, rather than a sister family to Austronesian.<ref>Laurent Sagart (2004) The Higher Phylogeny of Austronesian and the Position of Tai-Kadai</ref><ref>Laurent Sagart (2021) A more detailed early Austronesian phylogeny. Plenary talk at the 15th International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics.</ref>

Sagart's resulting classification is:<ref>The tree can be found at the following link. Click on the nodes to see the proposed shared innovations for each. <br>{{cite web | url = https://f-origin.hypotheses.org/wp-content/blogs.dir/3902/files/2020/12/Clickable-Austronesian-phylogeny_2020-.pdf | title = Shared innovations in early Austronesian phylogeny | author = Laurent Sagart | date = July 2021}}</ref>

{{tree list}}
*'''Austronesian''' (pAN ca. 5200 BP)
** {{legend|#df3b75|[[Saisiyat language|Saisiyat]]}}
** {{legend|#DF7575|[[Luilang language|Luilang]]}}
** {{legend|#FEA4A4|[[Pazeh language|Pazeh]], [[Kulon language|Kulon]]<br>(These four languages are outside Pituish, but Sagart is ambivalent as to any relationship among them, other than retaining Blust's connection between Pazeh and Kulon)}}
** '''Pituish''' <br>(pAN *RaCepituSa 'five-and-two' truncated to *pitu 'seven'; *sa-ŋ-aCu 'nine' [lit. one taken away])
*** {{legend|#FECCA0|[[Favorlang language|Favorlang]]–[[Taokas language|Taokas]]}}
*** '''Limaish''' <br>(pAN *RaCep 'five' replaced by *lima 'hand'; *Ca~ reduplication to form the series of numerals for counting humans)
**** {{legend|#FFF9A5|[[Thao language|Thao]]–[[Atayalic languages|Atayalic]]}}
**** '''Enemish''' <br>(additive 'five-and-one' or 'twice-three' replaced by reduplicated *Nem-Nem > *emnem [*Nem 'three' is reflected in Basay, Siraya and Makatao]; pAN *kawaS 'year, sky' replaced by *CawiN)
***** {{legend|#D3FE00|[[Siraya language|Siraya]]}}
***** '''Walu-Siwaish'''<br>(*walu 'eight' and *Siwa 'nine' from *RaCepat(e)lu 'five-and-three' and *RaCepiSepat 'five-and-four')
****** {{legend|#B7DF86|West WS: [[Papora language|Papora]]–[[Hoanya language|Hoanya]] <br>(pAN *Sapuy 'fire' replaced by *[Z]apuR 'cooking fire'; pAN *qudem 'black replaced by *abi[Z]u, found in MP as 'blue')}}
****** {{legend|#9FD8B3|Central WS<br>(pAN *isa etc. 'one' replaced by *Ca~CiNi (reduplication of 'alone') in the human-counting series; pAN *iCit 'ten' replaced by *ma-sa-N 'one times'.)}}
******* [[Bunun language|Bunun]]
******* [[Rukai language|Rukai]]–[[Tsouic languages|Tsouic]]<br>(CV~ reduplication in human-counting series replaced with competing pAN noun-marker *u- [unknown whether Bunun once had the same]; eleven lexical innovations such as *cáni 'one', *kəku 'leg')
****** East WS (pEWS ca. 4500 BP)<br>(innovations *baCaq-an 'ten'; *nanum 'water' alongside pAN *daNum)
******* {{legend|#86A6C8|[[Kavalanic languages]]}}
******* {{legend|#CBA6CB|'''Puluqish'''<br>(innovative *sa-puluq 'ten', from *sa- 'one' + 'separate, set aside'; use of prefixes *paka- and *maka- to mark [[abilitative]])}}
******** Northern: [[Amis language|Ami]]–[[Puyuma language|Puyuma]]<br>(*sasay 'one'; *mukeCep 'ten' for the human and non-human series; *ukak 'bone', *kuCem 'cloud')
******** [[Paiwan language|Paiwan]]
******** Southern Austronesian (pSAN ca. 4000 BP)<br>(linker *atu 'and' > *at after *sa-puluq in numerals 11–19; lexical innovations such as *baqbaq 'mouth', *qa-sáuŋ 'canine tooth', *qi(d)zúR 'saliva', *píntu 'door', *-ŋel 'deaf')
********* [[Kra–Dai languages|Kra-Dai]]
********* [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
{{tree list/end}}