Editing Autonomous robot (section)

==Technical development==
===Early robots===
The first autonomous robots  were known as [[Elmer and Elsie (robots)|Elmer and Elsie]], constructed in the late 1940s by [[William Grey Walter|W. Grey Walter]]. They were the first [[robots]] programmed to "think" the way biological brains do and were meant to have [[free will]].<ref name=IngalisArkel>Ingalis-Arkell, Esther [https://io9.gizmodo.com/5890771/the-very-first-robot-brains-were-made-of-old-alarm-clocks "The Very First Robot Brains Were Made of Old Alarm Clocks"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908015719/https://io9.gizmodo.com/5890771/the-very-first-robot-brains-were-made-of-old-alarm-clocks |date=2018-09-08 }}, 7 March 2012.</ref> Elmer and Elsie were often labeled as tortoises because of how they were shaped and the manner in which they moved. They were capable of [[phototaxis]], the movement that occurs in response to light stimulus.<ref name=NormaJeremy>[Norman, Jeremy, [http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=854 "The First Electronic Autonomous Robots: the Origin of Social Robotics (1948 – 1949)"], Jeremy Norman & Co., Inc., 02004-2018.</ref>

===Space probes===
The Mars rovers [[MER-A]] and [[MER-B]] (now known as [[Spirit rover|''Spirit'' rover]] and [[Opportunity rover|''Opportunity'' rover]]) found the position of the Sun and navigated their own routes to destinations, on the fly, by:

* Mapping the surface with 3D vision
* Computing safe and unsafe areas on the surface within that field of vision
* Computing optimal paths across the safe area towards the desired destination
* Driving along the calculated route
* Repeating this cycle until either the destination is reached, or there is no known path to the destination

The planned [[ESA]] Rover, [[Rosalind Franklin (rover)|''Rosalind Franklin'' rover]], is capable of vision based relative localisation and absolute localisation to autonomously navigate safe and efficient trajectories to targets by:

* [[3D reconstruction|Reconstructing 3D models]] of the terrain surrounding the Rover using a pair of stereo cameras
* Determining safe and unsafe areas of the terrain and the general "difficulty" for the Rover to navigate the terrain
* Computing efficient paths across the safe area towards the desired destination
* Driving the Rover along the planned path
* Building up a navigation map of all previous navigation data

During the final NASA Sample Return Robot Centennial Challenge in 2016, a rover, named Cataglyphis, successfully demonstrated fully autonomous navigation, decision-making, and sample detection, retrieval, and return capabilities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/centennial_challenges/feature/2016_sample_return_robot_challenge_award.html|title=NASA Awards $750K in Sample Return Robot Challenge|last=Hall|first=Loura|date=2016-09-08|access-date=2016-09-17}}</ref> The rover relied on a fusion of measurements from [[inertial sensor]]s, wheel encoders, Lidar, and camera for navigation and mapping, instead of using GPS or magnetometers. During the 2-hour challenge, Cataglyphis traversed over 2.6&nbsp;km and returned five different samples to its starting position.

===General-use autonomous robots===
[[Image:smSeekurMDARS.jpg|thumb|The Seekur and MDARS robots demonstrate their autonomous navigation and security capabilities at an airbase.]]

[[Image: Sophia at the AI for Good Global Summit 2018 (27254369347) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Sophia, a robot known for human-like appearance and interactions]]

[[File:Seyiton-AMR.jpg|thumb| AMR transfer cart for in-factory transfer needs]]

The Seekur robot was the first commercially available robot to demonstrate MDARS-like capabilities for general use by airports, utility plants, corrections facilities and [[Homeland Security]].<ref>[https://www.foxnews.com/story/weapons-makers-unveil-new-era-of-counter-terror-equipment "Weapons Makers Unveil New Era of Counter-Terror Equipment"], Fox News</ref>

The [[DARPA Grand Challenge]] and [[DARPA Urban Challenge]] have encouraged development of even more autonomous capabilities for ground vehicles, while this has been the demonstrated goal for aerial robots since 1990 as part of the AUVSI [[International Aerial Robotics Competition]].

AMR transfer carts developed by Seyiton are used to transfer loads of up to 1500 kilograms inside factories. <ref>[https://seyiton.com/en/autonomous-mobile-robot-amr/ " Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMR)"], Seyiton</ref>

Between 2013 and 2017, [[TotalEnergies]] has held the [[ARGOS Challenge]] to develop the first autonomous robot for oil and gas production sites. The robots had to face adverse outdoor conditions such as rain, wind and extreme temperatures.<ref>{{cite web|title=Enhanced Safety Thanks to the ARGOS Challenge|url=http://www.total.com/en/media/news/news/enhanced-safety-thanks-argos-challenge?folder=7692|website=Total Website|access-date=13 May 2017|archive-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116141041/https://www.total.com/en/media/news/news/enhanced-safety-thanks-argos-challenge?folder=7692|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Some significant current robots include: 
* [[Sophia (robot)|Sophia]] is an autonomous robot<ref name="wired">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/story/photographing-a-robot/|title=Photographing a robot isn't just point and shoot|magazine=Wired|date=March 29, 2018|access-date=October 10, 2018|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225204516/https://www.wired.com/story/photographing-a-robot/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hansonrobotics.com/robot/sophia/|title=Hanson Robotics Sophia|work=Hanson Robotics|access-date=October 26, 2017|archive-date=November 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119013425/http://www.hansonrobotics.com/robot/sophia/|url-status=live}}</ref> that is known for its human-like appearance and behavior compared to previous robotic variants. As of 2018, Sophia's architecture includes scripting software, a chat system, and [[OpenCog]], an AI system designed for general reasoning.<ref>{{cite news |title=The complicated truth about Sophia the robot — an almost human robot or a PR stunt |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/05/hanson-robotics-sophia-the-robot-pr-stunt-artificial-intelligence.html |access-date=17 May 2020 |work=CNBC |date=5 June 2018 |archive-date=May 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512030753/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/05/hanson-robotics-sophia-the-robot-pr-stunt-artificial-intelligence.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sophia imitates human gestures and facial expressions and is able to answer certain questions and to make simple conversations on predefined topics (e.g. on the weather).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hansonrobotics.com/news/|title=Hanson Robotics in the news|work=Hanson Robotics|access-date=October 26, 2017|archive-date=November 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112111735/http://www.hansonrobotics.com/news|url-status=live}}</ref> The AI program analyses conversations and extracts data that allows it to improve responses in the future.<ref name="cbs">{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/60-minutes-charlie-rose-interviews-a-robot-sophia/|title=Charlie Rose interviews ... a robot?|work=CBS 60 Minutes|date=June 25, 2017|access-date=October 28, 2017|archive-date=October 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029013415/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/60-minutes-charlie-rose-interviews-a-robot-sophia/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Nine other robot humanoid "siblings" who were also created by [[Hanson Robotics]].<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/sophia-robot-hanson-robotics-other-humanoids-2017-11|title=The first-ever robot citizen has 7 humanoid 'siblings' — here's what they look like|work=Business Insider|access-date=January 4, 2018|archive-date=January 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104030409/http://www.businessinsider.com/sophia-robot-hanson-robotics-other-humanoids-2017-11|url-status=live}}</ref> Fellow Hanson robots are Alice, [[Albert HUBO|Albert Einstein Hubo]], [[BINA48]], Han, Jules, Professor Einstein, Philip K. Dick Android, Zeno,<ref name="auto2"/> and Joey Chaos.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gizmodo.com/263573/joey-the-rocker-robot-more-conscious-than-some-humans|title=Joey the Rocker Robot, More Conscious Than Some Humans|last=White|first=Charlie|work=Gizmodo|access-date=January 4, 2018|archive-date=December 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052524/https://gizmodo.com/263573/joey-the-rocker-robot-more-conscious-than-some-humans|url-status=live}}</ref> Around 2019–20, Hanson released "Little Sophia" as a companion that could teach children how to code, including support for Python, Blockly, and Raspberry Pi.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hanson Robotics debuts Little Sophia, a robot companion that teaches kids to code|url=https://venturebeat.com/2019/01/30/hanson-robotics-debuts-little-sophia-a-robot-companion-that-teaches-kids-how-to-code/|last=Wiggers|first=Kyle|date=January 30, 2019|access-date=April 2, 2020|work=[[VentureBeat]]|archive-date=August 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809213506/https://venturebeat.com/2019/01/30/hanson-robotics-debuts-little-sophia-a-robot-companion-that-teaches-kids-how-to-code/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Military autonomous robots===

[[Lethal autonomous weapon]]s (LAWs) are a type of autonomous robot [[military robot|military system]] that can independently search for and engage targets based on programmed constraints and descriptions.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal|last=Crootof|first=Rebecca|date=2015|title=The Killer Robots Are Here: Legal and Policy Implications|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/cdozo36&id=1943|journal=Cardozo L. Rev. |volume=36 |pages=1837|via=heinonline.org}}</ref> LAWs are also known as lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS), autonomous weapon systems (AWS), robotic weapons, killer robots or slaughterbots.<ref>{{cite web |last=Johnson |first=Khari |title=Andrew Yang warns against 'slaughterbots' and urges global ban on autonomous weaponry |url=https://venturebeat.com/2020/01/31/andrew-yang-warns-against-slaughterbots-and-urges-global-ban-on-autonomous-weaponry/ |website=venturebeat.com |publisher=[[VentureBeat]] |date=31 January 2020 |access-date=31 January 2020}}</ref> LAWs may operate in the air, on land, on water, under water, or in space. The autonomy of current systems {{as of|2018|lc=y}} was restricted in the sense that a human gives the final command to attack – though there are exceptions with certain "defensive" systems.

*UGV Interoperability Profile (UGV IOP), Robotics and Autonomous Systems – Ground IOP (RAS-G IOP), was originally a research program started by the [[United States Department of Defense|United States Department of Defense (DoD)]] to organize and maintain [[open architecture]] [[interoperability]] standards for [[Unmanned Ground Vehicles|Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGV)]].<ref name="IOPv2">{{cite book|title=Robotics and Autonomous Systems – Ground (RAS-G) Interoperability Profile (IOP)|date=2016|publisher=US Army Project Manager, Force Projection (PM FP)|location=Warren, Michigan, USA|edition=Version 2.0|url=https://namcgroups.org/|ref=IOPv2}}</ref><ref name="aviation2012">{{cite news|title=U.S. Army Unveils Common UGV Standards|url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/us-army-unveils-common-ugv-standards|access-date=25 April 2017|work=Aviation Week Network|publisher=Penton|date=10 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="fnr2014">{{cite news|last1=Serbu|first1=Jared|title=Army turns to open architecture to plot its future in robotics|url=https://federalnewsradio.com/defense/2014/08/army-turns-to-open-architecture-to-plot-its-future-in-robotics/|access-date=28 April 2017|work=Federal News Radio|date=14 August 2014|ref=fnr2014}}</ref><ref name="robolliance">{{cite news |last1=Demaitre |first1=Eugene |title=Military Robots Use Interoperability Profile for Mobile Arms |work= |agency=Robotics Business Review |url=https://www.roboticsbusinessreview.com/supply-chain/military-robots-use-interoperability-profile-mobile-arms/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814120445/https://www.roboticsbusinessreview.com/supply-chain/military-robots-use-interoperability-profile-mobile-arms/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 14, 2020 |access-date=14 July 2016 }}</ref> The IOP was initially created by U.S. Army Robotic Systems Joint Project Office (RS JPO):<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mazzara|first1=Mark|title=RS JPO Interoperability Profiles|url=http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA548099|publisher=U.S. Army RS JPO|access-date=20 March 2017|ref=iop2011|location=Warren, Michigan|date=2011}}{{dead link|date=June 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="iop2014">{{cite web|last1=Mazzara|first1=Mark|title=UGV Interoperability Profiles (IOPs) Update for GVSETS|url=http://ww2.esd.org/gvsets/pdf/ags/1500mazzara_skalny.pdf|publisher=U.S. Army PM FP|access-date=20 March 2017|location=Warren, Michigan|date=2014|ref=iop2014}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="rbr2016">{{cite news|last1=Demaitre|first1=Eugene|title=Military Robots Use Interoperability Profile for Mobile Arms|url=https://www.roboticsbusinessreview.com/security/military-robots-use-interoperability-profile-mobile-arms/|access-date=28 April 2017|work=Robotics Business Review|publisher=EH Publishing|date=14 July 2016|ref=rbr2016}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* In October 2019, Textron and Howe & Howe unveiled their [[Ripsaw (vehicle)|Ripsaw]] M5 vehicle,<ref>[https://breakingdefense.com/2019/10/textron-rolls-out-ripsaw-robot-for-rcv-light-and-rcv-medium/ Textron Rolls Out Ripsaw Robot For RCV-Light … And RCV-Medium]. ''Breaking Defense''. 14 October 2019.</ref> and on 9 January 2020, the U.S. Army awarded them a contract for the Robotic Combat Vehicle-Medium (RCV-M) program. Four Ripsaw M5 prototypes are to be delivered and used in a [[company (military unit)|company]]-level to determine the feasibility of integrating unmanned vehicles into ground combat operations in late 2021.<ref>[https://www.defensenews.com/land/2020/01/09/army-picks-winners-to-build-light-and-medium-robotic-combat-vehicles/ US Army picks winners to build light and medium robotic combat vehicles]. ''[[Defense News]]''. 9 January 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.army.mil/article/231572/gvsc_ngcv_cft_announces_rcv_light_and_medium_award_selections GVSC, NGCV CFT announces RCV Light and Medium award selections]. ''Army.mil''. 10 January 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.military.com/daily-news/2020/01/14/army-picks-2-firms-build-light-and-medium-robotic-combat-vehicles.html Army Picks 2 Firms to Build Light and Medium Robotic Combat Vehicles]. ''[[Military.com]]''. 14 January 2020.</ref> It can reach speeds of more than {{cvt|40|mph|abbr=on}}, has a combat weight of 10.5 tons and a payload capacity of {{cvt|8000|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref>[https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2020/4/10/army-setting-stage-for-new-unmanned-platforms Army Setting Stage for New Unmanned Platforms]. ''National Defense Magazine''. 10 April 2020.</ref> The RCV-M is armed with a [[Mk44 Bushmaster II|30&nbsp;mm autocannon]] and a pair of [[anti-tank missile]]s. The standard armor package can withstand [[12.7×108mm]] rounds, with optional add-on armor increasing weight to up to 20 tons. If disabled, it will retain the ability to shoot, with its sensors and radio uplink prioritized to continue transmitting as its primary function.<ref>[https://breakingdefense.com/2020/11/meet-the-armys-future-family-of-robot-tanks-rcv/ Meet The Army’s Future Family Of Robot Tanks: RCV]. ''Breaking Defense''. 9 November 2020.</ref>
* Crusher is a {{convert|13200|lb|kg|adj=on}}<ref name="brochure">{{cite press release|title=UPI: UGCV PerceptOR Integration|publisher=Carnegie Mellon University|url=http://www.rec.ri.cmu.edu/projects/crusher/Crusher_Brochure.pdf|access-date=18 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216022023/http://www.rec.ri.cmu.edu/projects/crusher/Crusher_Brochure.pdf|archive-date=16 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[wikt:autonomous|autonomous]] off-road [[Unmanned Ground Combat Vehicle]] developed by researchers at the [[Carnegie Mellon University]]'s [[National Robotics Engineering Center]] for [[DARPA]].<ref name="cmu_nrec">{{cite press release|title=Carnegie Mellon's National Robotics Engineering Center Unveils Futuristic Unmanned Ground Combat Vehicles|publisher=Carnegie Mellon University|date=April 28, 2006|url=http://www.rec.ri.cmu.edu/projects/crusher/Crusher_Press_Release.pdf|access-date=18 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922225949/http://www.rec.ri.cmu.edu/projects/crusher/Crusher_Press_Release.pdf|archive-date=22 September 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is a follow-up on the previous Spinner vehicle.<ref name="DARPA-press">{{cite press release|title=Crusher Unmanned Ground Combat Vehicle Unveiled|publisher=Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency|date=April 28, 2006|url=http://www.rec.ri.cmu.edu/projects/crusher/Crusher_Press_Release_DARPA.pdf|access-date=18 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112072447/http://www.rec.ri.cmu.edu/projects/crusher/Crusher_Press_Release_DARPA.pdf|archive-date=12 January 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> DARPA's technical name for the Crusher is ''Unmanned Ground Combat Vehicle and Perceptor Integration System'',<ref name="sharkey">{{cite journal|last=Sharkey|first=Noel|title=Grounds for Discrimination: Autonomous Robot Weapons|journal=RUSI: Challenges of Autonomous Weapons|pages=87|url=http://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/23sharkey.pdf|access-date=18 November 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928105846/http://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/23sharkey.pdf|archive-date=28 September 2011}}</ref> and the whole project is known by the acronym UPI, which stands for ''Unmanned Ground Combat Vehicle PerceptOR Integration''.<ref name=cmu_nrec />
* [[CATS Warrior]] will be an autonomous wingman drone capable of take-off & landing from land & in sea from an [[aircraft carrier]], it will team up with the existing fighter platforms of the [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] like [[HAL Tejas|Tejas]], [[sukhoi Su-30MKI|Su-30 MKI]] and [[SEPECAT Jaguar|Jaguar]] which will act like its mothership.<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-gears-up-for-unmanned-warfare-helicopter-drones-cats-warrior-ration-delivery-ladakh-troops-1766009-2021-02-04|title=Strikes from 700km away to drones replacing mules for ration at 15,000ft, India gears up for unmanned warfare – India News|website=indiatoday.in|date=4 February 2021 |access-date=22 February 2021}}</ref>
* The Warrior is primarily envisioned for the Indian Air Force use and a similar, smaller version will be designed for the [[Indian Navy]]. It would be controlled by the mothership and accomplish tasks such as scouting, absorbing enemy fire, attacking the targets if necessary with its internal & external pylons weapons or sacrifice itself by crashing into the target.
* The SGR-A1 is a type of autonomous [[sentry gun]] that was jointly developed by [[Samsung Techwin]] (now [[Hanwha Aerospace]]) and [[Korea University]] to assist South Korean troops in the [[Korean Demilitarized Zone]]. It is widely considered as the first unit of its kind to have an integrated system that includes surveillance, tracking, firing, and voice recognition.<ref name=":1e">{{cite web|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/a-robotic-sentry-for-koreas-demilitarized-zone|title=A Robotic Sentry For Korea's Demilitarized Zone|last=Kumagai|first=Jean|date=March 1, 2007|website=|publisher=IEEE Spectrum|access-date=}}</ref> While units of the SGR-A1 have been reportedly deployed, their number is unknown due to the project being "highly classified".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stripes.com/news/pacific/korea/machine-gun-toting-robots-deployed-on-dmz-1.110809|title=Machine Gun Toting Robots Deployed On DMZ|last=Rabiroff|first=Jon|date=July 12, 2010|website=|publisher=Stars and Stripes|access-date=|archive-date=April 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406040642/https://www.stripes.com/news/pacific/korea/machine-gun-toting-robots-deployed-on-dmz-1.110809|url-status=dead}}</ref>