Editing Avar language (section)

===Arabic alphabet===

One feature of Avar Arabic alphabet is that similar to alphabets such as [[Uyghur alphabet|Uyghur]] and [[Kurdish alphabets|Kurdish]], the script does not omit vowels and does not rely on [[Arabic diacritics|diacritics]] to represent vowels when need be. Instead, modified letters with dot placement and accents have been standardized to represent vowels. Thus, Avar Arabic script is no longer an "impure [[abjad]]" unlike its parent systems ([[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]], [[Persian alphabet|Persian]], and [[Ottoman Turkish alphabet|Ottoman]]), it now resembles a proper "[[alphabet]]".

While this was not the case for most of the several centuries during which Arabic alphabet has been used for Avar, this has become the case in the latest and most common conventions. This was indeed not the case at the time of writing of a linguistic article for the [[Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society]] in 1881.<ref name="graham"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Arabic
! Cyrillic
! Latin
! IPA
|-
| ا 
|А а||A a||/a/
|-
| ب
|Б б||B b||/b/
|-
| ت
|Т т||T t||/t/
|-
| تُ
|Тв тв||Tv tv||/tʷ/
|-
| ج
|Ж ж||Ƶ ƶ||/ʒ/
|-
| جُ
|Жв жв||Ƶv ƶv||/ʒʷ/
|-
| ڃ
|ЧӀ чӀ||Ç ç||/t͡ʃʼ/
|-
| ڃُ
|ЧӀв чӀв||Çv çv||/t͡ʃʷʼ/
|-
|‌ ڃّ
|ЧӀчӀ чӀчӀ||Çç çç||/t͡ʃʼː/
|-
|‌ ڃُّ
|ЧӀчӀв чӀчӀв||Ççv ççv||/t͡ʃʷʼː/
|-
| چ
|Ч ч||C c||/t͡ʃ/
|-
| چُ
|Чв чв||Cv cv||/t͡ʃʷ/
|-
| چّ
|Чч чч||Cc cc||/t͡ʃː/
|-
| چُّ
|Ччв ччв||Ccv ccv||/t͡ʃʷː/
|-
| ح
|ХӀ хӀ||Ħ ħ||/ʜ/
|-
| حُ
|ХӀв хӀв||Ħv ħv||/ʜʷ/
|-
| خ
|Х х||X x||/χ/
|-
| خُ
|Хв хв||Xv xv||/χʷ/
|-
| خّ
|Хх хх||Xx xx||/χː/
|-
| خُّ
|Ххв ххв||Xxv xxv||/χʷː/
|-
| څ
|Хъ хъ||Ӿ ӿ||/q͡χː/
|-
| څُ
|Хъв хъв||Ӿv ӿv||/q͡χʷː/
|-
| د
|Д д||D d||/d/
|-
| دُ
|Дв дв||Dv dv||/dʷ/
|-
|‌ ر
|Р р||R r||/r/
|-
|‌ ز
|З з||Z z||/z/
|-
|‌ زُ
|Зв зв||Zv zv||/zʷ/
|-
|‌ س
|С с||S s||/s/
|-
|‌ سُ
|Св св||Sv sv||/sʷ/
|-
|‌ سّ
|Сс сс||Ss ss||/sː/
|-
|‌ سُّ
|Ссв ссв||Ssv ssv||/sʷː/
|-
| ش
|Ш ш||Ş ş||/ʃ/
|-
| شُ
|Шв шв||Şv şv||/ʃʷ/
|-
| شّ
|Щ щ||Şş şş||/ʃː/
|-
| شُّ
|Щв щв||Şşv şşv||/ʃʷː/
|-
| ص
|Ц ц||Ꞩ ꞩ||/t͡s/
|-
| صّ
|Цц цц||Ꞩꞩ ꞩꞩ||/t͡sː/
|-
| ض
|ЦӀ цӀ||Ⱬ ⱬ||/t͡sʼ/
|-
| ضُ
|ЦӀв цӀв||Ⱬv ⱬv||/t͡sʷʼ/
|-
|ضّ
|ЦӀцӀ цӀцӀ||Ⱬⱬ ⱬⱬ||/t͡sʼː/
|-
|ضُّ
|ЦӀцӀв цӀцӀв||Ⱬⱬv ⱬⱬv||/t͡sʷʼː/
|-
| ط
|ТӀ тӀ||Ţ ţ||/tʼ/
|-
| طُ
|ТӀв тӀв||Ţv ţv||/tʷʼ/
|-
|‌ ع
|ГӀ гӀ||Ⱨ ⱨ||/ʕ/
|-
| غ
|Гъ Гъ||Ƣ ƣ||/ʁ/
|-
| غُ
|Гъв Гъв||Ƣv ƣv||/ʁʷ/
|-
|rowspan="2"| ف
|П п||P p||/p/
|-
|Ф ф||F f||/f/
|-
| ڣ
|ПӀ пӀ||P p||/pʼ/
|-
| ق
|Къ къ||Q q||/q͡χʼː/
|-
| قُ
|Къв къв||Qv qv||/q͡χʷʼː/
|-
| ڨ
|Кь кь||Ꝗ ꝗ||/t͡ɬʼː/
|-
| ڨُ
|Кьв кьв||Ꝗv ꝗv||/t͡ɬʷʼː/
|-
| ك
|К к||K k||/k/
|-
| كُ
|Кв кв||Kv kv||/kʷ/
|-
| كّ
|Кк кк||Kk kk||/kː/
|-
| كُّ
|Ккв ккв||Kkv kkv||/kʷː/
|-
| گ
|КӀ кӀ||Ⱪ ⱪ||/kʼ/
|-
| گُ
|КӀв кӀв||Ⱪv ⱪv||/kʷʼ/
|-
| گّ
|КӀкӀ кӀкӀ||Ⱪⱪ ⱪⱪ||/kʼː/
|-
| گُّ
|КӀкӀв кӀкӀв||Ⱪⱪv ⱪⱪv||/kʷʼː/
|-
| ڬ
|Г г||G g ||/ɡ/
|-
| ڬُ
|Гв гв||Gv gv ||/ɡʷ/
|-
| ڮ
|Хь хь||Ҳ ҳ||/x/
|-
| ڮُ
|Хьв хьв||Ҳv ҳv||/xʷ/
|-
| ڮّ
|Хьхь хьхь||Ҳҳ ҳҳ||/xː/
|-
| ل
|Л л||L l||/l/
|-
| ڸ
|Лъ лъ||Ļ ļ||/t͡ɬ/
|-
| ڸُ
|Лъв лъв||Ļv ļv||/t͡ɬʷ/
|-
| ڸّ
|Лълъ лълъ||Ļļ ļļ||/t͡ɬː/
|-
| ڸُّ
|Лълъв лълъв||Ļļv ļļv||/t͡ɬʷː/
|-
| م
|М м||M m||/m/
|-
| ن
|Н н||N n||/n/
|-
| و
|В в||V v||/w/
|-
| ئۈ، ۈ
|О о||O o||/o/
|-
| ئۇ، ۇ
|У у||U u||/u/
|-
| ﻫُ
|Гьв гьв||Hv hv||/ɦʷ/
|-
| ﻫ
|Гь гь||H h||/ɦ/
|-
| ئې، ې
|Э э||E e||/e/
|-
| ئې، ې، يې
|Е е||E e, Je je ||/e/, /je/
|-
|rowspan="2"| ئێ، ێ
|И и||I i||/i/
|-
|Ы ы||Y y|| /ɨ/
|-
|rowspan="2"| ي
|Й й||J j||/j/
|-
|Ь ь||J j|| /ʲ/
|-
| يا
|Я я||Ja ja||/ja/
|-
| ''يۈ''
|Ё ё||Jo, jo||/jo/
|-
| يۇ
|Ю ю||Ju ju||/ju/
|-
| ئ
|Ъ ъ||’||/ʔ/
|-
| ئُ
|Ъв ъв|| ’v ||/ʔʷ/
|}

As an example, in Avar Arabic Script, four varieties of the letter ''[[yāʼ]]'' ("ی") have been developed, each with a distinct function.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Varieties of "ی"
! Leter
! Cyrillic Equivalent
! IPA
! Function
|-
| <span style="font-size:110%;">{{script/Arabic|ئ}}</span>
| - / ъ
| /ʔ/
| Used at the beginning of words starting with vowels "О о" [o], "У у" [u],	"Э э" [e], and "И и" [i]. Has no sound of its own, but acts as "vowel carrier". Similar to writing conventions of [[Uyghur alphabet|Uyghyr]] and [[Kurdish alphabets|Kurdish]]
|-
| <span style="font-size:110%;">{{script/Arabic|ئې، ې}}</span>
| Э э / Е е
| /e/
| Similar letter exists in [[Pashto alphabet|Pashto]], [[Southern Uzbek language#Southern Uzbek Alphabet|Uzbek]], and [[Uyghur alphabet|Uyghyr]] orthographies.
|-
| <span style="font-size:110%;">{{script/Arabic|ئێ، ێ}}</span>
| И и / Ы ы
| /i~ɨ/
| Similar letter exists in [[Kurdish alphabets|Kurdish]] orthography, but for the vowel [e].
|-
| <span style="font-size:110%;">{{script/Arabic|ي}}</span>
| Й й
| /j/
| Equivalent to English "y" sound.
|}

Nevertheless, Avar Arabic script does retain two diacritics.

First is "[[shadda]]" (ـّـ), used for [[gemination]]. While in Cyrillic, two back to back letters, including [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] are written, in Arabic script, shadda is used.

Second diacritic in use in Avar Arabic script is [[Arabic diacritics#Ḍammah|ḍammah]] (ـُـ). In Arabic, Persian, and historically in Ottoman Turkish, this diacritic is used to represent [o] or [u]. But in Avar, this diacritic is used for [[labialization]] [◌ʷ] and not for any sort of vowel. So, it is the case that this diacritic is used in conjunction with a follow-up vowel. For example, the sound "зва" [zʷa] is written as "زُا".

This diacritic can optionally be used in conjunction with shadda. For example, the sound "ссвa" [sʷːa] is written as "سُّا".

If a word starts with a vowel, if it's an [a] sound, it is written with ''alif'' "ا". Otherwise, the vowel needs to be preceded by a "vowel carrier", which is ''hamza-ya''' (ئـ). No need for such a carrier in the middle of words. Below table demonstrates vowels in Avar Arabic Script.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Vowel Table
|-
! А а || О о || У у || Э э / Е е || И и 
|-
! [a] || [o] || [u] || [e] || [i]
|-
!colspan=6| Vowel at the beginning of a word
|-dir="rtl"
| <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|ا}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|ئۈ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|ئۇ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|ئېـ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|ئێـ}}</span>
|-
!colspan=6| Vowel in the middle or end of a word
|-
| <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|ـا، ا}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|ـۈ، ۈ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|ـۇ، ۇ}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|ېـ، ـېـ، ـې}}</span>
| <span style="font-size:140%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|ێـ، ـێـ، ـێ}}</span>
|}