Editing Binary number (section)

===Later developments===
[[File:George Boole color.jpg|thumb|left|160px|George Boole]]
In 1854, British mathematician [[George Boole]] published a landmark paper detailing an [[algebra]]ic system of [[logic]] that would become known as [[Boolean algebra (logic)|Boolean algebra]]. His logical calculus was to become instrumental in the design of digital electronic circuitry.<ref>{{cite book |last=Boole |first=George |orig-year=1854 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15114 |title=An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities |publisher=Cambridge University Press |edition=Macmillan, Dover Publications, reprinted with corrections [1958] |location=New York |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-108-00153-3}}</ref>

In 1937, [[Claude Shannon]] produced his master's thesis at [[MIT]] that implemented Boolean algebra and binary arithmetic using electronic relays and switches for the first time in history. Entitled ''[[A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits]]'', Shannon's thesis essentially founded practical [[digital circuit]] design.<ref>{{cite thesis |title=A symbolic analysis of relay and switching circuits |last=Shannon |first=Claude Elwood |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |location=Cambridge |year=1940 |hdl=1721.1/11173 |type=Thesis }}</ref>

In November 1937, [[George Stibitz]], then working at [[Bell Labs]], completed a relay-based computer he dubbed the "Model K" (for "'''K'''itchen", where he had assembled it), which calculated using binary addition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/140.html |title=National Inventors Hall of Fame – George R. Stibitz |date=20 August 2008 |access-date=5 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709213530/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/140.html |archive-date=9 July 2010}}</ref> Bell Labs authorized a full research program in late 1938 with Stibitz at the helm. Their Complex Number Computer, completed 8 January 1940, was able to calculate [[complex numbers]]. In a demonstration to the [[American Mathematical Society]] conference at [[Dartmouth College]] on 11 September 1940, Stibitz was able to send the Complex Number Calculator remote commands over telephone lines by a [[Teleprinter|teletype]]. It was the first computing machine ever used remotely over a phone line. Some participants of the conference who witnessed the demonstration were [[John von Neumann]], [[John Mauchly]] and [[Norbert Wiener]], who wrote about it in his memoirs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stibitz.denison.edu/bio.html |title=George Stibitz : Bio |publisher=Math & Computer Science Department, Denison University |date=30 April 2004 |access-date=5 July 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kerryr.net/pioneers/stibitz.htm |title=Pioneers – The people and ideas that made a difference – George Stibitz (1904–1995) |publisher=Kerry Redshaw |date=20 February 2006 |access-date=5 July 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ei.cs.vt.edu/~history/Stibitz.html |title=George Robert Stibitz – Obituary |publisher=Computer History Association of California |date=6 February 1995 |access-date=5 July 2010}}</ref>

The [[Z1 (computer)|Z1 computer]], which was designed and built by [[Konrad Zuse]] between 1935 and 1938, used [[Boolean logic]] and binary [[Floating-point arithmetic|floating-point numbers]].<ref name="zuse">{{cite journal |title=Konrad Zuse's Legacy: The Architecture of the Z1 and Z3 |author-last=Rojas |author-first=Raúl |author-link=Raúl Rojas |journal=[[IEEE Annals of the History of Computing]] |volume=19 |number=2 |date=April–June 1997 |pages=5–16 |doi=10.1109/85.586067 |url=http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/Zuse_Z1_and_Z3.pdf |access-date=2022-07-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703082408/http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/Zuse_Z1_and_Z3.pdf |archive-date=2022-07-03}} (12 pages)</ref>