Editing Blood transfusion (section)

=== Infection ===

The use of greater amount of red blood cells has been suggested to increase the risk of infections, not only transfusion-transmitted infections, but also due to a phenomenon known as transfusion-related immunomodulation (TRIM). TRIM may be caused by macrophages and their byproducts.<ref name="u083">{{cite journal | last1=Youssef | first1=Lyla A. | last2=Spitalnik | first2=Steven L. | title=Transfusion-related immunomodulation: a reappraisal | journal=Current Opinion in Hematology | volume=24 | issue=6 | date=2017 | pmid=28806274 | pmc=5755702 | doi=10.1097/MOH.0000000000000376 | pages=551–7}}</ref> In those who were given red blood cells only with significant anemia ("restrictive" strategy), serious infection rates were 10.6% while in those who were given red blood at milder levels of anemia ("liberal" strategy), serious infection rates were 12.7%.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rohde JM, Dimcheff DE, Blumberg N, Saint S, Langa KM, Kuhn L, Hickner A, Rogers MA | display-authors = 6 | title = Health care-associated infection after red blood cell transfusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = JAMA | volume = 311 | issue = 13 | pages = 1317–26 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24691607 | pmc = 4289152 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2014.2726 }}</ref>

On rare occasions, blood products are contaminated with bacteria. This can result in a life-threatening infection known as transfusion-transmitted bacterial infection. The risk of severe bacterial infection is estimated, {{as of|2020|lc=y}}, at about 1 in 2,500 platelet transfusions, and 1 in 2,000,000 red blood cell transfusions.<ref name="r896">{{cite journal | last1=Ackfeld | first1=Theresa | last2=Schmutz | first2=Thomas | last3=Guechi | first3=Youcef | last4=Le Terrier | first4=Christophe | title=Blood Transfusion Reactions-A Comprehensive Review of the Literature including a Swiss Perspective | journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine | volume=11 | issue=10 | date=2022-05-19 | pmid=35628985 | pmc=9144124 | doi=10.3390/jcm11102859 | doi-access=free | page=2859}}</ref> Blood product contamination, while rare, is still more common than actual infection. The reason platelets are more often contaminated than other blood products is that they are stored at room temperature for short periods of time. Contamination is also more common with longer duration of storage, especially if that means more than 5 days. Sources of contaminants include the donor's blood, donor's skin, phlebotomist's skin, and containers. Contaminating organisms vary greatly, and include skin flora, gut flora, and environmental organisms. There are many strategies in place at blood donation centers and laboratories to reduce the risk of contamination. A definite diagnosis of transfusion-transmitted bacterial infection includes the identification of a positive culture in the recipient (without an alternative diagnosis) as well as the identification of the same organism in the donor blood.

Since the advent of HIV testing of donor blood in the mid/later 1980s, ex. 1985's [[ELISA]], the [[AIDS#Body fluids|transmission of HIV during transfusion]] has dropped dramatically. Prior testing of donor blood only included testing for antibodies to HIV. However, because of latent infection (the "window period" in which an individual is infectious, but has not had time to develop antibodies) many cases of HIV seropositive blood were missed. The development of a nucleic acid test for the HIV-1 RNA has dramatically lowered the rate of donor blood seropositivity to about 1 in 3 million units. As transmittance of HIV does not necessarily mean HIV infection, the latter could still occur at an even lower rate.

The transmission of hepatitis C via transfusion currently stands at a rate of about 1 in 2 million units. As with HIV, this low rate has been attributed to the ability to screen for both antibodies as well as viral RNA nucleic acid testing in donor blood.

Other rare transmissible infections include [[hepatitis B]], [[syphilis]], [[Chagas disease]], [[cytomegalovirus]] infections (in immunocompromised recipients), [[HTLV]], and [[Babesia]].