Editing Body image (section)

=== Fashion industry ===
Fashion magazines directed at females subtly promote thinness and diet practices, and teenagers heavily rely on them for beauty and fashion advice. ''[[Seventeen (American magazine)|Seventeen]]'' in particular recorded one of the highest number of articles devoted to appearances; 69% of girls reported that it had influenced their ideal body shapes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.healthyplace.com/eating-disorders/articles/eating-disorders-body-image-and-advertising/|title=Eating Disorders: Body Image and Advertising |publisher=HealthyPlace|access-date=November 1, 2017}}</ref> 50% of advertisements featured also used beauty appeal to sell products.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://infographiclist.com/2012/05/18/body-culture-how-media-shapes-our-thoughts-and-ideas-about-beauty-eating-and-image-infographic/|title=Body Culture: How Media Shapes Our Thoughts and Ideas About Beauty, Eating and Image [INFOGRAPHIC]|date=May 18, 2012|publisher=Infographic List|access-date=November 1, 2017}}</ref> The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services reported that 90% of teenage girls felt a need to change their appearances,<ref name=":22">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/what-body-image|title=What is Body Image?|publisher=National Eating Disorders Association|access-date=November 1, 2017}}</ref> and that 81% of 10-year-olds were already afraid of being fat.<ref name=":22" /> According to a survey by [[Manchester Metropolitan University]], "self-esteem and views of body image suffered after the participants were shown magazine pictures of models, [suggests] that media portrayal of images can prolong anorexia and bulimia in women and may even be a cause of it".<ref name=":15" /> A 2014 survey of 13- to 17-year-old Americans found that 90% "felt pressured by fashion and media industries to be skinny",<ref name=":20">{{Cite book|title=Teens, Social Media And Body Image|last=Gallivan|first=H|publisher=Park Nicollet Melrose Cente|year=2014|location=MN}}</ref> and that 65% believed that the bodies portrayed were too thin.<ref name=":20" /> More than 60% habitually compared themselves to models,<ref name=":20" /> and 46% strove to resemble models' bodies.<ref name=":20" />

According to [[Dove (toiletries)|Dove]]'s ''The 2017 Dove Global Beauty and Confidence'' ''Report'', "a total of 71% of women and 67% of girls want to call on the media to do a better job portraying women of diverse physical appearance, age, race, shape and size."<ref name=":13" /> In addition, 67% of men now strongly believe that it is unacceptable for brands to use photo manipulation techniques to alter the body image of a model.<ref name=":19" /> In response, the fashion magazine industry has made efforts to include 'real' women, and to reduce or ban the use of airbrushing tools. Likewise, some fashion brands and retailers adopt vanity sizing in their assortments to try to intentionally raise a customer's self-esteem while shopping in stores. This involves labeling clothes with smaller sizes than the actual cut of the items to trick and attract the consumer.

Fashion models themselves have experienced negative body image due to industry pressures: 69% reported that they were told to tone up,<ref name=":23">{{Cite news|url=http://news.northeastern.edu/2017/02/fashion-week-brings-questions-about-body-image-front-and-center/|title=Fashion Week brings questions about body image front and center|access-date=November 1, 2017}}</ref> while 62% reported that their agencies had required them to lose weight or change their body shapes.<ref name=":23" /> 54% of models revealed that they would be dropped by their agencies if they failed to comply.<ref name=":23" /> Models frequently have underweight [[body mass index]] (BMI): a study published in the [[International Journal of Eating Disorders]] discovered that a majority of models had a BMI of 17.41,<ref name=":23" /> which qualifies as anorexia. In the past twenty years, runway models have also transformed from a typical size 6–8 to 0–2. The average weight of an American model was recorded to be twenty-three percent less than that of an average American woman. In 2006, the fashion industry came under fire due to the untimely deaths of two models, [[Luisel Ramos]] and [[Ana Carolina Reston]], both of whom had suffered from eating disorders and been severely underweight. Other models endure intensive exercise regimes, diets, [[Fasting|fasts]], and detoxes; in order to maintain or lose weight. In addition, 17% have admitted to stimulant abuse,<ref name=":23" /> while another 8% frequently engaged in self-induced vomiting to induce weight loss.<ref name=":23" />

Fashion industry insiders argue that clothes hang better on tall, thin catwalk models, but critics respond that an overemphasis on that body type communicates an unhealthy and unrealistic body image to the public.<ref>{{cite news |date=September 6, 2017 |title=Dior and Gucci ban super-skinny models |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-41174739 |access-date=November 1, 2017 |work=BBC News}}</ref>