Editing Boiling (section)

=== Confined boiling ===

Confined boiling refers to boiling in confined geometries, typically characterized by a [[Bond number]] that compares the gap spacing to the capillary length. Confined boiling regimes begin to play a major role when Bo < 0.5. This boiling regime is dominated by "vapour stem bubbles" left behind after vapour departs.<ref name="Alsaati Warsinger Weibel Marconnet 2021 p=121520">{{cite journal | last1=Alsaati | first1=A.A. | last2=Warsinger | first2=D.M. | last3=Weibel | first3=J.A. | last4=Marconnet | first4=A.M.|author4-link=Amy Marconnet | title=Vapor stem bubbles dominate heat transfer enhancement in extremely confined boiling | journal=International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=177 | year=2021 | issn=0017-9310 | doi=10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.121520 | page=121520| bibcode=2021IJHMT.17721520A | url=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/coolingpubs/384 }}</ref> These bubbles act as seeds for vapor growth. Confined boiling typically has higher heat transfer coefficient but a lower CHF than pool boiling. CHF occurs when the vapor momentum force at the two-phase interface balances the combined surface tension and hydrostatic forces, leading to irreversible growth of the dry spot.<ref name="Alsaati Warsinger Weibel Marconnet 2023 p. 104542">{{cite journal | last1=Alsaati | first1=Albraa A. | last2=Warsinger | first2=David M. | last3=Weibel | first3=Justin A. | last4=Marconnet | first4=Amy M.|author4-link=Amy Marconnet | title=A mechanistic model to predict saturated pool boiling Critical Heat Flux (CHF) in a confined gap | journal=International Journal of Multiphase Flow | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=167 | year=2023 | issn=0301-9322 | doi=10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2023.104542 | page=104542| bibcode=2023IJMF..16704542A }}</ref> Confined boiling is particularly promising for electronics cooling.