Editing Bronchiectasis (section)

=== Congenital ===
Bronchiectasis may result from congenital disorders that affect [[cilia]] motility or [[ion transport]].<ref name="DAVIDSONS20102">{{cite book|title=Davidson's principles and practice of medicine.|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|others=illustrated by Robert Britton|year=2010|isbn=978-0-7020-3085-7|editor1=Nicki R. Colledge|edition=21st|location=Edinburgh|editor2=Brian R. Walker|editor3=Stuart H. Ralston}}</ref> A common genetic cause is [[cystic fibrosis]], which affects [[chloride]] ion transport.<ref name="auto3" /> Another genetic cause is [[primary ciliary dyskinesia]], a rare disorder that leads to immotility of [[Cilium|cilia]] and can lead to [[situs inversus]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Goutaki|first1=Myrofora|last2=Meier|first2=Anna Bettina|last3=Halbeisen|first3=Florian S.|last4=Lucas|first4=Jane S.|last5=Dell|first5=Sharon D.|last6=Maurer|first6=Elisabeth|last7=Casaulta|first7=Carmen|last8=Jurca|first8=Maja|last9=Spycher|first9=Ben D.|last10=Kuehni|first10=Claudia E.|date=October 2016|title=Clinical manifestations in primary ciliary dyskinesia: systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=The European Respiratory Journal|volume=48|issue=4|pages=1081–95|doi=10.1183/13993003.00736-2016 |pmid=27492829|doi-access=free}}</ref> When situs inversus is accompanied by chronic sinusitis and bronchiectasis, this is known as [[Kartagener's syndrome]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mishra|first1=Mayank|last2=Kumar|first2=Naresh|last3=Jaiswal|first3=Ashish|last4=Verma|first4=Ajay K.|last5=Kant|first5=Surya|date=October 2012|title=Kartagener's syndrome: A case series|journal=Lung India |volume=29|issue=4|pages=366–9|doi=10.4103/0970-2113.102831 |pmc=3519024|pmid=23243352 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Other rare genetic causes include [[Young's syndrome]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hendry|first1=W. F.|last2=A'Hern|first2=R. P.|last3=Cole|first3=P. J.|date=18–25 December 1993 |title=Was Young's syndrome caused by exposure to mercury in childhood?|journal=BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)|volume=307|issue=6919|pages=1579–82|doi=10.1136/bmj.307.6919.1579 |pmc=1697782|pmid=8292944}}</ref> and [[Williams-Campbell syndrome]].<ref name="pmid138448572">{{cite journal|vauthors=WILLIAMS H, CAMPBELL P|date=April 1960|title=Generalized Bronchiectasis associated with Deficiency of Cartilage in the Bronchial Tree|journal=Arch. Dis. Child.|volume=35|issue=180|pages=182–91|doi=10.1136/adc.35.180.182|pmc=2012546|pmid=13844857}}</ref> [[Tracheobronchomegaly]], or Mournier-Kuhn syndrome is a rare condition characterized by significant tracheobronchial dilation and recurrent [[lower respiratory tract infection]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Celik|first1=Burcin|last2=Bilgin|first2=Salih|last3=Yuksel|first3=Canan|date=2011|title=Mounier-Kuhn syndrome: a rare cause of bronchial dilation|journal=Texas Heart Institute Journal|volume=38|issue=2|pages=194–6 |pmc=3066798|pmid=21494536}}</ref> Individuals with [[alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency]] have been found to be particularly susceptible to bronchiectasis, due to the loss of inhibition to enzyme [[elastase]] which cleaves [[elastin]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Parr|first1=David G.|last2=Guest|first2=Peter G.|last3=Reynolds|first3=John H.|last4=Dowson|first4=Lee J.|last5=Stockley|first5=Robert A.|date=2007-12-15|title=Prevalence and impact of bronchiectasis in alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=176|issue=12|pages=1215–21|doi=10.1164/rccm.200703-489OC |pmid=17872489}}</ref> This decreases the ability of the alveoli to return to normal shape during expiration.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Shin MS, Ho KJ|s2cid=72998738|year=1993|title=Bronchiectasis in patients with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. A rare occurrence?|journal=Chest|volume=104|issue=5|pages=1384–86|doi=10.1378/chest.104.5.1384|pmid=8222792}}</ref>