Editing Capuchin monkey (section)

=== Self-awareness ===
{{Further|Self-awareness}}

When presented with a reflection, capuchin monkeys react in a way that indicates an intermediate state between seeing the mirror as another individual and recognizing the image as self.

Most animals react to seeing their reflections as if encountering another individual they do not recognize. An experiment with capuchins shows that they react to a reflection as a strange phenomenon, but not as if seeing a strange capuchin.

In the experiment, capuchins were presented with three different scenarios:
# Seeing an unfamiliar, same-sex monkey on the other side of a clear barrier.
# Seeing a familiar, same-sex monkey on the other side of a clear barrier.
# A mirror showing a reflection of the monkey.

In scenario 1, females appeared anxious and avoided eye-contact, while males made threatening gestures. In scenario 2, there was little reaction by either males or females.

When presented with a reflection, females gazed into their own eyes and made friendly gestures, such as lip-smacking and swaying. Males made more eye contact than with strangers or familiar monkeys but reacted with signs of confusion or distress, such as squealing, curling up on the floor, or trying to escape from the test room.<ref>{{cite journal | author=de Waal, F. B. | author2=Dindo, M. | author3=Freeman, C. A. | author4=Hall, M. J. | name-list-style=amp | title=The monkey in the mirror: Hardly a stranger | journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] | volume=102 | issue= 32| year=2005 | pages= 11140–7| pmid=16055557 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0503935102 | pmc=1183568| bibcode=2005PNAS..10211140D | doi-access=free }}</ref>