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Cardinal direction
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===Northern Eurasia=== {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-right:0; margin-left:1em" !Northern Eurasia !!width="30"| N !!width="30"| E !!width="30"| S !!width="30"| W !!width="30"| C !! Source |- | [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] |style="background:#ffffff"| |style="background:#009246"| |style="background:#000000"| |style="background:#bc1e47"| |align="center" | β |<ref>Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedic dictionary, Kiev, 1987.</ref> |- | China |style="background:#000000"| |style="background:#0081cd"| |style="background:#bc1e47"| |style="background:#ffffff"| |style="background:#fec200"| | <ref name="ChiTra"> {{Cite web |url=http://www.colorsystem.com/projekte/engl/63chie.htm |title=Cardinal colors in Chinese tradition |access-date=2007-02-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221184205/http://www.colorsystem.com/projekte/engl/63chie.htm |archive-date=21 February 2007 }}</ref><ref name="ChiCo"/><ref name="Nickel2004">{{cite journal |title=Black against white: What color was King Arthur's horse? |author=Helmut Nickel |journal=Arthuriana |volume=14 |number=2 |date=2004 |pages=69β72 |doi=10.1353/art.2004.0089 |jstor=27870606 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27870606|url-access=subscription }} Nickel also claims that at the 201 BC [[battle of Baideng]], [[Modu Chanyu|Mo-tun]]'s cavalry were segregated by color: "red (brown) horses formed the vanguard, blacks the rear, whites the right wing, greys (the closest to blue) the left [... and] in the center of the trap the hapless Chinese emperor, whose sacred color was the Imperial yellow." Nickel cites {{cite journal |author=I.P. Potapov |title=Uber den Pferdekult bei den turksprachigen Volkern des Sajan-Altai-Gebirges |journal=Abhandlungen und Berichte des Staatlichen Museums fΓΌr Volkerkunde Dresden |volume=34 |date=1975 |page=486}}</ref> |- | [[Ainu people|Ainu]] |style="background:#000000"| |style="background:#0081cd"| |style="background:#bc1e47"| |style="background:#ffffff"| |style="background:#fec200"| | <ref name="CofD">{{Cite web | url = http://sites.google.com/site/colorsofthefourdirections/ | title = Colors of the Four Directions | access-date = 2010-05-16 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100913042259/http://sites.google.com/site/colorsofthefourdirections/ | archive-date = 13 September 2010 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="McNeill"> {{cite journal |title=Review: 'Two Studies of Color' by Nancy P. Hickerson |author=Nobuko B. McNeill |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=48 |number=3 |date=July 1982 |pages=339β342 |doi=10.1086/465744 |jstor=1264798 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1264798 |quote=In Ainu [...] ''siwnin'' means both 'yellow' and 'blue' and ''hu'' means 'green' and 'red'.|url-access=subscription }}</ref> |- | [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] |style="background:#000000"| |style="background:#0081cd"| |style="background:#bc1e47"| |style="background:#ffffff"| |style="background:#009246"| | <ref name="CofD"/> |- | [[Kalmyk people|Kalmyks]] |style="background:#fec200"| |style="background:#ffffff"| |style="background:#0081cd"| |style="background:#bc1e47"| |align="center" | β | <ref>Krupp, E. C.: "Beyond the Blue Horizon: Myths and Legends of the Sun, Moon, Stars, and Planets", page 371. Oxford University Press, 1992</ref> |- | [[Tibet]] |style="background:#0081cd"| |style="background:#fec200"| |style="background:#bc1e47"| |style="background:#009246"| |style="background:#ffffff"| | <ref name="CofD"/> |} [[Central Asia]]n, [[Eastern Europe]]an and [[North East Asia]]n cultures frequently have traditions associating colors with four or five cardinal points. Systems with five cardinal points (four directions and the center) include those from [[Dynasties in Chinese history|pre-modern China]], as well as traditional [[Turkic culture|Turkic]], [[Tibetan culture|Tibetan]] and [[Ainu culture|Ainu]] cultures. In Chinese tradition, the five cardinal point system is related to [[I Ching]], the [[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|Wu Xing]] and the five [[naked-eye planet]]s. In traditional [[Chinese astrology]], the zodiacal belt is divided into the [[Four Symbols (Chinese constellation)|four constellation groups]] corresponding to the directions. Each direction is often identified with a color, and (at least in China) with a [[Four Symbols (Chinese constellation)|mythological creature of that color]]. Geographical or ethnic terms may contain the name of the color instead of the name of the corresponding direction.<ref name="ChiTra"/><ref name="ChiCo">{{Cite web |url=http://ignca.nic.in/ps_01005.htm |title=Chinese Cosmogony |access-date=2007-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218044531/http://ignca.nic.in/ps_01005.htm |archive-date=18 December 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ====Examples==== {{Unreferenced section|date=November 2019}} '''East:''' [[Green]] ([[wikt:ι|ι]] "qΔ«ng" corresponds to both green and blue); Spring; [[Wood (classical element)|Wood]] :[[Qingdao]] (Tsingtao): "Green Island", a city on the east coast of China :[[Green Ukraine]] '''South:''' [[Red]]; Summer; [[Fire (classical element)|Fire]] :[[Red River (Asia)]]: south of China :[[Red Ruthenia]] :[[Red Jews]]: a semi-mythological group of Jews{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} :[[Red Croatia]] :[[Red Sea]] '''West:''' [[White]]; Autumn; [[Metal (classical element)|Metal]] :[[Ak Koyunlu|White Sheep Turkmen]] :[[Akdeniz]], meaning 'White Sea': [[Mediterranean Sea]] in [[Turkish language|Turkish]] :[[Balts]], [[Baltic languages|Baltic]] words containing the stem ''balt-'' ("white") :[[Belarus]], meaning 'White Russia' :[[White Ruthenia]] :[[White Serbia]] :[[White Croatia]] '''North:''' [[Black]]; Winter; [[Water (classical element)|Water]] :[[Heilongjiang]]: "Black Dragon River" province in [[Northeast China]], also the [[Amur River]] :[[Kara-Khitan Khanate]]: "Black Khitans" who originated in Northern China :[[Karadeniz]], literally meaning 'Black Sea': [[Black Sea]] in [[Turkish language|Turkish]] :[[Black Hungarians]] :[[Black Ruthenia]] '''Center:''' [[Yellow]]; [[Earth (classical element)|Earth]] :[[Huangshan]]: "Yellow Mountain" in central China :[[Huang He]]: "Yellow River" in central China :[[Golden Horde]]: "Central Army" of the Mongols
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