Editing Cebuano language (section)

==Vocabulary==
Cebuano shares many cognates with other [[Austronesian languages]] and its descendants. Early trade contact resulted in the adoption of loanwords from [[Malay language|Malay]] (despite belonging in the same language family) like "''sulát"'' ("to write") <ref>{{Cite web |title=ACD{{dash}}Austronesian Comparative Dictionary{{dash}}Loans{{dash}}w |url=https://www.trussel2.com/ACD/acd-lo_w.htm#30029 |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.trussel2.com}}</ref> '', "pilak"'' ("silver"),<ref>{{Cite web |title=ACD{{dash}}Austronesian Comparative Dictionary{{dash}}Loans{{dash}}s |url=https://www.trussel2.com/ACD/acd-lo_s.htm#30358 |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.trussel2.com}}</ref> and "''balísa"'' ("anxious");<ref>{{Cite web |title=ACD{{dash}}Austronesian Comparative Dictionary{{dash}}Near Comparisons |url=https://www.trussel2.com/ACD/acd-near.htm#30724 |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.trussel2.com}}</ref> it also adopted words from [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] like "''bahandì"'' ("wealth, goods, riches") from "भाण्ड, ''bhānda"'' ("goods"), and ''bása'' ("to read") is taken from "वाचा, ''vācā"'' ("sacred text")<ref name="kuizon">{{Cite journal |last=Kuizon |first=Jose G. |date=1964 |title=The Sanskrit Loan-Words in the Cebuano-Bisayan Language |url=https://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/646 |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=111–158 |doi=10.2307/1177640 |jstor=1177640 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=7 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401020118/https://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/646 |url-status=dead |url-access=subscription }}</ref> and [[Arabic language|Arabic]] like the word ''"alam"'' ("to know") is said to be borrowed from Arabic "عَالَم, ''[[wikt:عالم#Arabic|ʕālam]]"'' ("things, creation, existing before")<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Verstraelen |first1=Eugene |last2=Trosdal |first2=Mimi |date=1974 |title=Lexical Studies on the Cebuano Language |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29791163 |journal=Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=231–237 |jstor=29791163 |issn=0115-0243}}</ref>'','' and "''salamat"'' ("expression of gratitude, thanks, thank you") from "سَلَامَات,  ''[[wikt:salamat#Etymology 3|salāmāt]]"'' ("plural form of ''salāma,'' meaning "good health"),<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Verstraelen |first1=Eugene |last2=Trosdal |first2=Mimi |date=1976 |title=Lexical Studies on the Cebuano Language |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29791261 |journal=Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=130–139 |jstor=29791261 |issn=0115-0243}}</ref> both of which were indirectly transmitted to Cebuano through Malays.

The biggest component of loanwords that Cebuano uses is from Spanish, being more [[History of the Philippines (1565–1898)|culturally influenced by Spanish priests]] from the late 16th century and invigorated by the opening of the [[Suez Canal|Suez canal]] in the 1860s that encouraged European migrations to Asia, most notably its numeral system. English words are also used extensively in the language and mostly among the educated ones, [[Code-switching|even sometimes using the English word]] rather than the direct Cebuano. For example, instead of saying ''"magpalít"'' ("'''to buy'''", in future tense), speakers would often say ''"mag-'''buy'''"''<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Morelos |first=Allan T. |date=1998 |title=English Loanwords in the Modern Cebuano Language: An Index of Cultural Change |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29792425 |journal=Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society |volume=26 |issue=3/4 |pages=324–336 |jstor=29792425 |issn=0115-0243 |quote=English words and phrases which have been well-assimilated and integrated in the cultural vocabulary of the Cebuano language are not just a record of the modifications in the material circumstances of the lives of the Cebuano-speaking populace but have also chronicled changes in the ideational content of Cebuano culture.}}</ref>''.''

===Numbers===
{{Main|Cebuano numbers}}

Currently, the native system is mostly used as cardinal numbers and more often as ordinal numbers, and the Spanish-derived system is used in monetary and chronological terminology and is also commonly used in counting from 11 and above, though both systems can be used interchangeably regardless. The table below shows the comparison of native numerals and Spanish-derived numerals, but observably Cebuano speakers would often just use the English numeral system instead, especially for numbers more than 100.<ref name=":0" />

The language uses a base-ten numeral system, thence the sets of ten are ultimately derived from the unit except the first ten which is ''"napulò"'', this is done by adding a prefix '''''ka-''','' then followed by a unit, and then the suffix '''''-an'''''. For example, '''20''' is spoken as '''''ka-duhá-an''''' (lit. "the second set of ten"). The numbers are named from one to ten, for values after ten, it is spoken as ''a <u>ten</u> and a <u>unit</u>''. For example, '''11''' is spoken as "''napulò ug usá"'', shortened to "''napulò'g usá"'' (lit. "ten and one"), '''111''' is spoken as ''"usa ka gatós, napulò ug usá",'' and '''1111''' is spoken as ''"usá ka libo, usá ka gatós, napulò ug usá".'' The ordinal counting uses the prefix '''''ika'''-'', and then the unit, except for "first" which is ''"una"''. For example, '''''ika-'''duhá'' means "second".{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

===Sample text===
[[File:Tinukod nga Kabilin sa Sugbo exhibit at NM Cebu 01.jpg|thumb|right|An exhibit at the National Museum of the Philippines in Cebu using the Cebuano language with English translation]]
Below is the official translation of Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] taken from the official [https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/cebuano United Nations] website:

{{Verse translation
|head2=English|lang=cb
|Ang tanáng katawhan gipakatawo nga adunay kagawasan ug managsama sa kabililhon. Silá gigasahan sa pangisip ug tanlag ug kinahanglang mag-ilhanáy sa usá'g-usá dihâ sa diwà sa panág-higsuonáy.
|All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Universal Declaration of Human Rights |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/english |mode=cs1 |via=ohchr.org}}</ref>
|head1=Cebuano}}

And below is the official translation of the [[Lord's Prayer]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amahan Namo/Our Father  |url=https://santoninodecebubasilica.org/cebuano-prayers-binisaya-nga-mga-pag-ampo/amahan-namo-our-father/ |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=santoninodecebubasilica.org}}</ref>

{{Verse translation|Amahán namò nga anaa sa mga langit, pagdaygon ang imong ngalan, umabót kanamò ang imong gingharian, matuman ang imong pagbuót, dinhí sa yutà maingón sa langit. Ang kalan-on namò sa matag adlaw, ihatag kanamò karóng adlawa.
Ug pasayloa kamí sa among mga salâ, ingón nga nagapasaylo kamí sa mga nakasalâ kanamò. Ug dilì mo kamí itugyan sa panuláy, hinunua luwasá kamí sa daután. Amen.|Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name, your kingdom come, your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us today our daily bread. And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from the evil one. Amen.|head1=Cebuano (taken from the official prayer of Minor Basilica of the Holy Child of Cebu)|head2=English (taken from Matthew 6: 9-13 from the New International Version)}}

=== Sample phrases ===

Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Learn Cebuano (Bisaya) with uTalk |url=https://utalk.com/en/store/cebuano |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=utalk.com |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!English
!Cebuano
|-
|Hello.
|Kumusta.
|-
|Yes.
|Oo/O.
|-
|Yes please.
|Oo/O, palihug.
|-
|No.
|Dilì.
|-
|No thanks.
|Ayáw lang, salamat.
|-
|Please.
|Palihug.
|-
|Thank you.
|Salamat kanimo.
|-
|Thank you very much.
|Daghan kaayong salamat.
|-
|You're welcome.
|Walá'y sapayán.
|-
|I'd like a coffee please.
|Gusto ko'g kapé, palihug.
|-
|Two beers please.
|Duhá ka serbesa, palihug.
|-
|Excuse me.
|Ekskiyus sâ ko.
|-
|What time is it?
|Unsa na'ng orasa?
|-
|Can you repeat that please?
|Balika ganì 'to, palihug?
|-
|Please speak slowly.
|Palihug hinaya pagsulti.
|-
|I don't understand.
|Walâ ko kasabót.
|-
|Sorry.
|Pasaylo-a/Pasensya.
|-
|Where are the toilets?
|Hain dapít ang kasilyas?
|-
|How much is this?
|Tag-pila man kiní?/Tag-pila ni?
|-
|Welcome!
|Dayón!
|-
|Good morning.
|Maayong buntag.
|-
|Good afternoon.
|Maayong hapon.
|-
|Good evening.
|Maayong gabii.
|-
|Good night.
|Maayong pagtulog.
|-
|Goodbye.
|Babay
|}

=== Additional words ===
* [[Handuraw]], "the power to imagine," "to reminisce," or "flashback"<ref name="PIA">{{cite news |first=Franklin P. |last=Gumapon |title=Dapitan to hold "Handuraw" festival |url=http://www.pia.gov.ph/?m=12&fi=p061222.htm&no=17 |publisher= PIA Daily News Reader |date=2006-12-22 |access-date=2008-03-23 }}</ref>