Editing Cetacean surfacing behaviour (section)

=== Peduncle throw ===
A ''[[caudal peduncle|peduncle]] throw'', also known as ''peduncling'', is a surfacing behaviour unique to humpback whales. During this the humpback converts its forward momentum into a crack-the-whip rotation, pivoting with its pectorals as it drives its head downward and thrusts its entire fluke and peduncle (the muscular rear portion of the torso) out of the water and sideways, before crashing into the water with terrific force. Peduncling takes place among the focal animals (female, escort, challenging male) in a competitive group, apparently as an aggressive gesture. Possibilities include escorts fending off a particular challenging male, females who seem agitated with an escort, or an individual not comfortable with a watching boat's presence. Occasionally, one whale performs a series of dozens of peduncle throws, directed at the same target each time.<ref name="Kaniklides">{{Citation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262894383|title=The effects of volcanic tsunamis on marine mammals|author=Dr Stavros Kaniklides|access-date=2015-05-26}}</ref>