Editing Chaplain (section)

===Military===
[[File:Military chaplain2.jpg|A Catholic chaplain ministers to American [[United States Marine Corps|Marines]] and [[United States Navy|Sailors]] in [[Tikrit]], [[Iraq]]|thumb]]

{{Main|Military chaplain}}
Military chaplains provide pastoral, spiritual and emotional support for service personnel, including the conduct of religious services at sea, on bases or in the field. Military chaplains have a long history; the first [[England|English]] military-oriented chaplains, for instance, were priests on board proto-naval vessels during the 8th century.  Land-based chaplains appeared during the reign of [[Edward I of England|King Edward I]]. The current form of military chaplain dates from the era of the [[World War I|First World War]].

Chaplains are nominated, appointed, or commissioned in different ways in different countries. A military chaplain can be an army-trained soldier with additional [[theology|theological]] training or an ordained person nominated to the army by religious authorities. In the United Kingdom the [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] employs chaplains but their authority comes from their sending church. Royal Navy chaplains undertake a 16-week [[bespoke]] induction and training course including a short course at [[Britannia Royal Naval College]] and specialist fleet time at sea alongside a more experienced chaplain.  Naval chaplains called to service with the [[Royal Marines]] undertake a grueling five-month-long Commando Course and, if successful, wear the commandos' [[Green beret|Green Beret]].  British Army chaplains undertake seven weeks training at the Armed Forces Chaplaincy Centre [[Beckett House]] and the [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]]. [[Royal Air Force]] chaplains must complete a 12-week Specialist Entrant course at the [[Royal Air Force College Cranwell|RAF College Cranwell]] followed by the Chaplains' Induction Course at the Armed Forces Chaplaincy Centre Beckett House of a further two weeks. The United States Navy will often give chaplain training to cadets seeking a theological route in the military.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chaplain Training|url=http://www.navy.com/dms/navy/downloads/pdf/officer/Chaplain-Candidate-Program-Brochure.pdf|access-date=January 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124181956/http://www.navy.com/dms/navy/downloads/pdf/officer/Chaplain-Candidate-Program-Brochure.pdf|archive-date=January 24, 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Additionally, they are granted instant employment as a Navy chaplain once ordained.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navy.com/careers|title=Find Careers in the U.S. Navy &#124; Navy.com|website=www.navy.com}}</ref> Additionally, in the United States military, chaplains must be endorsed by their religious affiliation in order to serve in any facet of the military.<ref>{{cite web|title=Army Chaplain Corps – Army Chaplain Requirements|url=https://www.goarmy.com/chaplain/become-an-army-chaplain/requirements.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-09|website=goarmy.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029032158/https://www.goarmy.com/chaplain/become-an-army-chaplain/requirements.html |archive-date=October 29, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Official Web Site of Air Force Chaplain Corps|url=http://www.usafhc.af.mil/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113224027/http://www.usafhc.af.mil/|archive-date=November 13, 2011|access-date=2011-07-27|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In some cases, like that of the U.S. Navy, a Religious Program Specialist may be appointed to help alleviate some of the duties bestowed upon Naval chaplains.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navy.com/careers/religious-program-specialist|title=Religious Program Specialist Careers &#124; Navy.com|website=www.navy.com}}</ref>

[[File:Unifil catholic mass.jpg|thumb|[[French Army|French soldiers]] of the [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon|UNIFIL]] attending a Catholic Mass in [[Lebanon]]]]
[[File:Resnicoff BeirutKippa.jpg|thumb|Jewish chaplain Rabbi [[Arnold Resnicoff]] wears a [[kippah]]/yarmulke made from a piece of a Catholic chaplain's [[Battledress|camouflage uniform]] after his own head covering had become bloodied when it was used to wipe the face of a wounded marine during the 1983 [[Beirut barracks bombing]].]]

Military chaplains are normally accorded officer status, although [[Sierra Leone]] had a Naval Lance Corporal chaplain in 2001. In most navies, their badges and insignia do not differentiate their levels of responsibility and status. By contrast, in air forces and armies, they typically carry ranks and are differentiated by crosses or other equivalent religious insignia. However, United States military chaplains in every branch carry both rank and Chaplain Corps insignia.

Though the [[Geneva Conventions]] does not state whether chaplains may bear arms, they specify (Protocol I, June 8, 1977, Art 43.2) that chaplains are [[non-combatants]]. In recent times both the UK and US have required chaplains, but not medical personnel, to be unarmed.  Other nations, notably Norway, Denmark and Sweden, make it an issue of individual conscience.  Captured chaplains are not considered Prisoners of War (Third Convention, August 12, 1949, Chapter IV Art 33) and must be returned to their home nation unless retained to minister to prisoners of war.
[[File:Military chaplain.jpg|left|thumb|A U.S. Navy chaplain in [[Iraq]] studies his [[Bible]] for an upcoming service.]]

Inevitably, a significant number of serving chaplains have died in action. 100 chaplains of the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] and the [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine Corps]] were [[killed in action]] during World War II: a casualty rate greater "than any other branch of the services except the infantry and the Army Air Corps" (Crosby, 1994, pxxiii). Many have been decorated for bravery in action (five have won Britain's highest award for gallantry, the [[Victoria Cross]]). The [[Chaplain's Medal for Heroism]] is a special [[Awards and decorations of the United States military|U.S. military decoration]] given to military chaplains who have been killed in the line of duty, although it has to date only been awarded to the famous [[Four Chaplains]], all of whom died in the {{SS|Dorchester||2}} sinking in 1943 after giving up their lifejackets to others. In addition to these, five other U.S. chaplains have been awarded the [[Medal of Honor]]: Chaplain ([[Lieutenant Commander (United States)|LCDR]]) [[Joseph T. O'Callahan]], [[United States Navy|USN]] ([[World War II]]); Chaplain ([[Captain (United States O-3)|CPT]]) [[Emil Kapaun]], USA (Posthumous, [[Korean War]]); Chaplain ([[Lieutenant (navy)|LT]]) [[Vincent R. Capodanno]], USN (Posthumous, [[Vietnam War]]); Chaplain ([[Major (United States)|MAJ]]) [[Charles J. Watters]], [[United States Army|USA]] (Posthumous, Vietnam War); and Chaplain ([[Captain (United States O-3)|CPT]]) [[Angelo J. Liteky]], USA (Vietnam).  (Later in life, Liteky changed his name to Charles, left the Catholic priesthood, became an anti-war activist, and renounced his Medal of Honor). Chaplain Fellowship Ministries military chaplains are nondenominational. To be considered for appointment to serve as a military chaplain, candidates must first be ordained and have an ecclesiastical endorsement by a valid religious faith group recognized by the Department of Defense. Candidates must meet all DOD requirements. The Chaplain Fellowship had military chaplains serving in Iraq and now in Afghanistan.

In 2006, training materials obtained by U.S. intelligence showed that insurgent snipers fighting in Iraq were urged to single out and attack engineers, medics, and chaplains on the theory that those casualties would demoralize entire enemy units.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pensitoreview.com/2006/10/25/iraqi-insurgent-snipers-target-us-medics-engineers-and-chaplains/ |title=Iraqi Insurgent Snipers Target U.S. Medics, Engineers and Chaplains |publisher=Pensito Review |date=25 October 2006 |access-date=21 March 2008 |first=Jon |last=Ponder |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016035152/http://www.pensitoreview.com/2006/10/25/iraqi-insurgent-snipers-target-us-medics-engineers-and-chaplains/ |archive-date=October 16, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[United States European Command]] has co-sponsored an annual [[International Military Chiefs of Chaplains Conference]] every year since 1991 to consider the various issues affecting chaplaincy ministry and other military personnel.  At times, the existence of military chaplains has been challenged in countries that have a [[separation of Church and State]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=891776135764757633| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070524041225/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=891776135764757633| archive-date = 2007-05-24| title = Christopher Hitchens vs Al Sharpton on Atheism and God - The Full Debate - Google Video}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defense.gouv.fr/ema/orgs_ext/aumoneries/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2008-04-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050925085650/http://www.defense.gouv.fr/ema/orgs_ext/aumoneries/ |archive-date=September 25, 2005 |df=mdy }}</ref> However one of the major issues affecting chaplaincy and military personnel is that of [[moral injury]] arising as a result of international conflicts and terrorism.