Editing Cingulate cortex (section)

==== Summary ====
People with schizophrenia have differences in the anterior cingulate gyrus when compared with controls. The anterior cingulate gyrus was found to be smaller in people with schizophrenia.<ref name="Fujiwara 2007"/> The volume of the gray matter in the anterior cingulate gyrus was found to be lower in people with schizophrenia.<ref name="Haznedar 2004"/><ref name="Costain 2010"/> Healthy females have larger rostral anterior cingulate gyrus than males, this sex difference in size is absent in people with schizophrenia.<ref name="Takahashi 2003"/> The metabolic rate of glucose was lower in the left anterior cingulate gyrus and in the right posterior cingulate gyrus.<ref name="Haznedar 2004"/>

In addition to changes in the cingulate cortex more brain structures show changes in people with schizophrenia as compared to controls. The hippocampus in people with schizophrenia was found to be smaller in size when compared with controls of the same age group,<ref name="Koolschijn 2010">{{Cite journal | last1 = Koolschijn | first1 = P. C. D. M. P. | last2 = Van Haren | first2 = N. E. M. | last3 = Cahn | first3 = W. | last4 = Schnack | first4 = H. G. | last5 = Janssen | first5 = J. | last6 = Klumpers | first6 = F. | last7 = Hulshoff Pol | first7 = H. E. | last8 = Kahn | first8 = R. S. | doi = 10.4088/JCP.08m04574yel | title = Hippocampal Volume Change in Schizophrenia | journal = The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry | volume = 71 | issue = 6 | pages = 737–744 | year = 2010 | pmid =  20492835}}</ref> and, similarly, the caudate and putamen were found to be smaller in volume in a longitudinal study of people with schizophrenia.<ref name="Mitelman 2009">{{Cite journal | last1 = Mitelman | first1 = S. A. | last2 = Canfield | first2 = E. L. | last3 = Chu | first3 = K. W. | last4 = Brickman | first4 = A. M. | last5 = Shihabuddin | first5 = L. | last6 = Hazlett | first6 = E. A. | last7 = Buchsbaum | first7 = M. S. | doi = 10.1016/j.schres.2009.06.022 | title = Poor outcome in chronic schizophrenia is associated with progressive loss of volume of the putamen | journal = Schizophrenia Research | volume = 113 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 241–245 | year = 2009 | pmid =  19616411| pmc =2763420 }}</ref> While the volume of gray matter is smaller, the size of the lateral and third ventricles is larger in people with schizophrenia.<ref name="Kempton 2010">{{Cite journal | last1 = Kempton | first1 = M. J. | last2 = Stahl | first2 = D. | last3 = Williams | first3 = S. C. R. | last4 = Delisi | first4 = L. E. | title = Progressive lateral ventricular enlargement in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of longitudinal MRI studies | doi = 10.1016/j.schres.2010.03.036 | journal = Schizophrenia Research | volume = 120 | issue = 1–3 | pages = 54–62 | year = 2010 | pmid =  20537866| s2cid = 25389387 | url = https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/ws/files/9033332/Meta_analysis_longitudinal_MKempton_112_schizophrenia_research_with_figures_preprint.pdf }}</ref>