Editing Cluj-Napoca (section)

===19th century===
Beginning in 1830, the city became the centre of the Hungarian national movement within the principality.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-8">Lazarovici et al. 1997, p.206 (6.4 Cluj in Modern Times)</ref> This erupted with the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]]. The Austrian commander [[Karl von Urban]] took control of the city on 18 November 1848, following a battle.<ref>{{Cite book |last=von Wurzbach |first=Constantin |title=Urban, Karl Freiherr. In: [[Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich]] (Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire) |publisher=Kaiserlich-königliche Hof- und Staatsdruckerei |year=1884 |volume=49 |location=Vienna |pages=118 |language=de}}</ref> Following this, the Hungarian army headed by the [[Polish people|Polish]] general [[Józef Bem]], launched an offensive into Transylvania, recapturing Klausenburg by Christmas 1848.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bem's Campaign in Transylvania; Revolutionary Consolidation and Its Contradictions |url=http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/370.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110194735/http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/370.html |archive-date=10 January 2009 |access-date=2008-03-14 |publisher=MEK (Hungarian Electronic Library)}}</ref>

After the 1848 revolution, an [[Absolutism (European history)|absolutist]] regime was established, followed by a liberal regime that came to power in 1860. In this latter period, the government granted equal rights to the ethnic Romanians, but only briefly. In 1865, the Diet in Cluj abolished the laws voted in Sibiu (Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt), and proclaimed the 1848 Law concerning the Union of Transylvania with Hungary.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-8" /> [[Franz Joseph University|A modern university]] was founded in 1872, with the intention of promoting the integration of Transylvania into Hungary.<ref>Brubaker et al. 2006, p.92</ref> Before 1918, the city's only Romanian-language schools were two church-run elementary schools, and the first printed Romanian periodical did not appear until 1903.<ref name="Brubaker et al" />

After the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]], Klausenburg and all of Transylvania were again integrated into the Kingdom of Hungary. During this time, Klausenburg was among the largest and most important cities of the kingdom and was the seat of [[Kolozs]] County. Ethnic Romanians in Transylvania suffered oppression and persecution.<ref name="Lazarovici et al-7">Lazarovici et al. 1997, pp.74–5 (6.4 Centru al mișcării naționale)</ref> Their grievances found expression in the [[Transylvanian Memorandum]], a petition sent in 1892 by the political leaders of Transylvania's Romanians to the Austro-Hungarian [[Kaiserlich und königlich|Emperor-King]] [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph]]. It asked for equal rights with the Hungarians and demanded an end to persecutions and attempts at [[Magyarisation]].<ref name="Lazarovici et al-7"/> The Emperor forwarded the memorandum to Budapest—the Hungarian capital. The authors, among them [[Ioan Rațiu]] and Iuliu Coroianu, were arrested, tried and sentenced to prison for "high treason" in Kolozsvár/Cluj in May 1894.<ref name="EDRC">{{Cite web |title=Relația dintre elite și popor în perioada memorandistă |url=http://www.edrc.ro/docs/docs/transilvania/198-254.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408202136/http://www.edrc.ro/docs/docs/transilvania/198-254.pdf |archive-date=2008-04-08 |access-date=2008-03-15 |publisher=Centrul de Resurse pentru Diversitate Etnoculturală |language=ro |location=Cluj}}</ref> During the trial, approximately 20,000 people who had come to Cluj demonstrated on the streets of the city in support of the defendants.<ref name="EDRC"/> A year later, the King gave them pardon upon the advice of his Hungarian prime minister, [[Dezső Bánffy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ambrus Miskolczy |year=2001 |title=A modern román nemzet a "régi" Magyarországon |url=http://adatbank.transindex.ro/html/alcim_pdf2813.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720155223/http://adatbank.transindex.ro/html/alcim_pdf2813.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-20 |access-date=2010-07-29 |publisher=Rubicon |language=hu}}</ref> In 1897, the Hungarian government decided that only Hungarian place names should be used and prohibited the use of the German or Romanian versions of the city's name on official government documents.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Georges Castellan |title=A history of the Romanians |publisher=Boulder: East European Monographs |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-88033-154-8 |page=148}}</ref>
[[File:Neolog synagogue Cluj.jpg|thumb|[[Cluj-Napoca Neolog Synagogue|Neolog Synagogue]] and Jewish school at the beginning of the 20th century]]
[[File:Tribunalul și Curtea de Apel.jpg|thumb|The [[Palace of Justice, Cluj-Napoca|Palace of Justice]]]]