Editing Cognitive development (section)

== Erik Erikson ==
Erikson worked with Freud but unlike Freud, Erikson focused on Biological, Psychological, and social factors in human development. Each stage is rooted in some kind of competence, or perceived ability to do things.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-11-03 |title=Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/erik-erikson.html |access-date=2023-12-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Each stage is defined by 2 conflicting psychological tendencies and by what traits develop in the stage dependent on how much of each tendency was experienced. There are virtues that develop in healthy circumstances and maladaptations that develop in unhealthy circumstances. It consists of 8 stages. While the conflicting tendencies may appear to be good versus bad. They can be considered as a balance where most healthy individuals experience some of each.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2022 |title=Psychosocial Development and Identity Statuses |url=https://books.byui.edu/Adult_development/week_3A |journal=Adult Development |language=en |pages=31–39}}</ref>

=== Stage 1-Infancy- Trust Versus Mistrust ===
A baby has very little ability to do anything for themself. As such infants develop according to whether they learn to trust or distrust the world around them. The virtue that arises during this stage is hope and the maladaptation is withdrawal.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Citation |last1=Orenstein |first1=Gabriel A. |title=Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development |date=2023 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556096/ |work=StatPearls |access-date=2023-12-07 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=32310556 |last2=Lewis |first2=Lindsay}}</ref>

=== Stage 2-Early Childhood- Autonomy Versus Shame ===
As a child starts to explore the world the conflict they experience is autonomy or a feeling of being able to do things themselves, verses shame or doubt, which is a feeling of being unable to do things themselves and fear of making mistakes. The virtue that arises during this period is will, suggesting a control over one's actions. The maladaptation for this stage is compulsion, or lack of control over one's actions.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Stage 3-Play Age- Initiative Versus Guilt ===
As a child grows from the stage of autonomy verses shame, they experience the conflict of initiative vs guilt. Initiative or having the ability to act in a situation against guilt or feeling bad about their actions or feeling incapable of acting. The virtue that develops in this stage is purpose and the maladaptation is inhibition.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Stage 4-School Age- Industry Versus Inferiority ===
As a child's awareness of their effect on the world around them grows they come to the conflict of industry and inferiority. Industry meaning ability and willingness to proactively interact with the world around them and Inferiority meaning incapability or perceived incapability to interact with the world. The virtue that is learned in this stage is competence and the maladaptation is inertia or passivity.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Stage 5-adolescence- Identity Versus Identity Confusion ===
As a child grows into adolescence, their ability to interact with the world starts to interact with their perceptions of who they are, and they find themselves in a conflict between identity and identity confusion. Identity means knowledge of who they are and developing their own sense of right and wrong. Identity confusion meaning confusion over who they are and what right and wrong is to them. The virtue that is developed is fidelity and the maldevelopment is repudiation.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Stage 6-Young Adulthood- Intimacy Versus Isolation ===
During young adulthood, people find themselves in a place where they are looking for belonging in a small number of close relationships. Intimacy suggests finding very close relationships with other people and isolation is a lack of such a connection. The virtue that can arise from this is love and the maladaptation is distantiation.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Stage 7-Adulthood- Generativity Versus Stagnation ===
In this stage of life people find that along with accomplishing personal goals, they are either giving to the next generation, whether as a mentor or a parent or they turn towards themselves and keep a distance from others. The virtue that arises in this stage is caring and the maladaptation is rejectivity.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Stage 8-Old Age- Integrity Versus Despair ===
Those in the twilight of their life look back at their lives and either are satisfied with their life's work or feel great regret. This satisfaction or regret is a large part of their identity at the end of their lives. The virtue that develops is wisdom and the maldevelopment is disdain.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />