Editing Colima (section)

==History==

===Name and seal===
The formal name of the state is "Estado Libre y Soberano de Colima" (Free and Sovereign State of Colima). The state is named after the [[Colima City|capital city of Colima]]. This name is most likely derived from a [[Nahuatl]] phrase "coliman", but the original meaning is in doubt with two most accepted versions. One interpretation means "place in the hand of the grandfather" with "grandfather" possibly referring to the volcano. The other interpretation is "place in the hands of the ancestors".<ref name="conocolima">{{cite web |url=http://www.visitacolima.com.mx/Colima/colima.html |title=Conociendo Colima |publisher=Secretaria de Turismo de Colima |location=Colima, Mexico |language=es |trans-title=Getting to know Colima |access-date=July 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328083949/http://www.visitacolima.com.mx/Colima/colima.html |archive-date=March 28, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="nomenclatura">{{cite web |url=http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/Colima/ |title=Nomenclatura |year=2005 |work=Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Colima |publisher=Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal and Gobierno del Estado de Colima |location=Mexico |language=es |trans-title=Nomenclature |access-date=July 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327111835/http://www.inafed.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/Colima/ |archive-date=March 27, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A third interpretation is based on an interpretation of Colima's glyph as it appears in the [[Nomina codex|Nomina]] and [[Codex Mendoza|Mendocino]] codices, which has a bent arm with the hand turned and water on the shoulder. This glyph is still used in the state's seal. This interpretation would then be "place where the waters bend".<ref name="nomenclatura"/>

===Pre-Hispanic period===
[[File:Campana ed5.JPG|thumb|Pyramid in [[La Campana (archaeological site)|La Campana]]]]
The state was home to a number of pre-Hispanic cultures as part of Western Mexico.<ref name="conocolima"/> Archeological evidence dates human occupation of the area as far back as 1500 BCE, with sites here contemporary with San Lorenzo on the Gulf Coast and [[Tlatilco]] in the [[Valley of Mexico]]. One period of the area's development is called the Los Ortices era, which began around 500 BCE. During this time the elements that characterize the pre-Hispanic peoples of Colima appear, including shaft tombs and a distinctive ceramic style called ''rojo bruñido,'' or burnished red.

The next phase, called Comala and centered on a site of the same name, was from around 100 to 600 CE. Comala people perfected burnished red pottery and created representations of people and animals with skill and fluid lines. The best known of these figures are known as the ''fattened dogs''. The Comala site shows influence from [[Teotihuacan]]. Around 500 CE, another site in Armería developed along the river of the same name.<ref name="enchis"/>

The [[El Chanal|Chanal]] site was active from the 6th to the 15th centuries and was the main culture for the Colima area. Belonging to this culture was a number of smaller sites and most of the ones known and explored to date. After Chanal the largest related site is [[La Campana (archaeological site)|La Campana]] but most contain pyramidal bases and plazas with structures often containing rounded edges. Images of [[Huehueteotl]] and [[Tlaloc]] appear with this culture, which may indicate the origins of the cultures that ultimately settled central Mexico.<ref name="enchis"/>

There is one other site called Periquillo, which indicates one late migration into Colimas around the 10th century from the north.<ref name="enchis"/>

At the beginning of the 16th century, the [[Purépecha people|Purépecha]]s invaded the territory of the [[Tecos people|Tecos]] and got as far as the salt fields of Tzacoalco. A chief named [[Colimotl]] or Colliman defeated the P'urhépechas during the [[Saltpeter War (Mexico)|Saltpeter War]] (1480-1510) (Guerra del Salitre). After this, the Tecos conquered Sayula, Zapotlán and Amunla, making them the dominant cultural group in this part of the state.<ref name="conocolima"/><ref name="rincones29">{{cite book |editor1-first=Victor Manuel |editor1-last=Jiménez González |title=Colima:Guía para descubrir los encantos del estado |trans-title=Colima: Guide to discover the charms of the state |year=2009 |publisher=Editorial Océano de México SA de CV |location=Mexico City |language=es |isbn=978-607-400-172-3 |pages=29}}</ref> Both the Periquillo and Chanal sites were occupied when the Spanish arrived in the 16th century.<ref name="enchis"/>

===Colonial era===
After conquering the [[Aztec]]s and the Purépecha, the Spanish made incursions into Colima.<ref name="conocolima"/> The first incursion into the Colima area occurred under [[Juan Rodríguez de Villafuerte]] in 1522 but was defeated by the natives of the Tecomán Valley.<ref name="enchis"/> Hernán Cortés then sent [[Gonzalo de Sandoval]] to defeat the Tecos, which he did at the Paso de Alima and the Palenque de Tecomán.<ref name="enchis"/><ref name="rincones29"/> Sandoval then established the first Spanish settlement in the Colima Valley called [[Caxitlán]] in 1523, making it the third oldest functioning city government in Mexico and the second municipality of western [[New Spain]].<ref name="enchis"/><ref name="conocolima"/> In 1527, Francisco Cortés de San Buenaventura moved the Spanish settlement to its current located and changing the name to San Sebastián de Colima.<ref name="enchis"/>

[[Revillagigedo Islands|Revillagigedo Archipelago]] was brought to colonial attention in 1533 by [[Hernando de Grijalva]]. The state's first port at Tzalahua would be an important site for about 300 years of Spanish colonial rule as a line of defense and a commercial center.<ref name="conocolima"/>

After the Conquest, the native population was reduced drastically. Some estimations state that the population declines from 150,000 in 1523 to 15,000 in 1554, rebounding somewhat in the 17th century. This population reduction led to the introduction of African slaves and indigenous people from neighboring regions.<ref name="enchis"/>

Evangelization was carried out by the [[Franciscan order|Franciscans]] who established the San Francisco de Coliman monastery in 1554 then the Almoloyan monastery.<ref name="rincones29"/> They would be followed by the [[Mercedarians]] and the Brothers of Saint John of the Cross. It was originally made part of the diocese of [[Morelia|Valladolid (Morelia)]].<ref name="enchis"/>

The port of [[Manzanillo, Colima|Manzanillo]], then called Santiago de Buena Esperanza, played a large part in the expeditions northwards ordered by [[Hernán Cortés]], which later led to the European discovery of ''[[The Californias|Las Californias]]'' — the [[Baja California Peninsula]] and [[Alta California]]. Cortés de San Buenaventura set out to conquer towards the north, covering the rest of the state and into what is now southern Sinaloa. Later the port would be a target for pirates as the [[Manila galleon]]s would unload materials from the [[Spanish East Indies]] here. These pirates would include [[Francis Drake]] and [[Thomas Cavendish]]. The last major battle against pirates at Manzanillo was in 1615 with Captain Sebastián Vizcaino defending the port against Dutch pirate [[Joris van Speilbergen]].<ref name="enchis"/>

Colima lost territory during the colonial period to 1822, and further into the 19th century. With the creation of [[Nueva Galicia]] in 1531, it lost its territories north of the Cihuatlán or Marabasco River and the region south of [[Lake Chapala]]. In 1550, Colima lost the provinces of Autlán and Amula. By the end of the 16th century, it lost the Motines region, now part of Michoacán and in the 19th century the Xilotlán region to Jalisco.<ref name="enchis"/>

From the early colonial period, Colima was a province that answered to Mexico City. In 1789, the parish of Colima was incorporated into the diocese of Guadalajara. In 1796, Colima was converted into a sub delegation of the province of Guadalajara.<ref name="enchis"/>

One colonial area industry in Colima was the production of "coconut wine" — an alcoholic beverage distilled from [[date palm]] fruit and [[coconut]]. One of the first introduced crops was [[Theobroma cacao|cacao]] in the 16th century, with coconut, [[sugar cane]], and cotton coming after. Other crops such as rice, [[indigo]] and vanilla would be introduced later.<ref name="enchis"/>

===Independence to the present===
In the early 19th century, the commercial port of Manzanillo was opened to domestic and international traffic for a brief time. The first Colima newspaper called "El Observador de las Leyes" was published at this time as well.<ref name="enchis"/>

With the outbreak of the [[Mexican War of Independence]], authorities arrested the head of Indian communities along with suspected insurgents in October 1810. This was despite the fact that [[Nahua peoples|Nahua]] groups had organized to defend against the insurgents upon hearing that they were enemies of the king and planned to destroy churches. One accused insurgent was José Antonio Díaz, the parish priest of Almoloyán and friend of [[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla]]. Later he would join the insurgent army. During the war, the city of Colima was taken by the insurgents Jose Antonio Torres at the end of 1810 without resistance and taken back by the royalist army in 1811.<ref name="enchis"/><ref name="conocolima"/> In 1811, royalist troops defeated the insurgents under José Calixto Martinez at the Battle of Los Llanos de Santa Juana. Insurgents took back the city in 1812 under the command of Ignacio Sandoval and Miguel Gallaga. In 1813, the city was in royalist hands with the city swearing allegiance to the monarchist constitution. In 1821 the [[Plan of Iguala]] for Mexican independence was proclaimed in the city, and accepted by local authorities. Immediately after Independence, Colima was still a subdelegation of Guadalajara. In 1821, Colima lost the Zapotlán areas along with the towns of Tecalitlán and Xilotlán, but gained the town of Tonila. This and earlier losses of territory would define the area's modern borders.<ref name="enchis"/>

In 1824, with [[1824 Constitution of Mexico|Mexico's first constitution]], Colima was an [[Colima Territory|independent territory]]. It integrated with Michoacán in 1837. In 1846, it became a separate territory again, and in 1856, was made a state with the triumph of the Liberals. Its status as a state was reaffirmed by the [[Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857|1857 Mexican Constitution]] and General Manuel Alvarez was declared its first constitutional governor.<ref name="enchis"/><ref name="conocolima"/>

Colima served as a provisional seat for [[Benito Juárez]]'s Liberal government in 1858 during the [[Reform War]]. In 1861, the Revillagigedo Islands were added to Colima's territory. [[Second French intervention in Mexico|French troops entered the city]] in 1864, dissolving the state congress, with Colima becoming a department in 1865. In 1867, Republican troops under Ramon Corona retook the city.<ref name="enchis"/> Colima became a diocese independent of Guadalajara in 1881.<ref name="diocesehis">{{cite web |url=http://www.diocesisdecolima.org/index.php/historia/diocesis |title=Historia de la Diócesis |publisher=Diocese of Colima |location=Colima, Mexico |language=es |trans-title=History of the Diocese |access-date=July 29, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205003646/http://www.diocesisdecolima.org/index.php/historia/diocesis |archive-date=December 5, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The latter part of the 19th century saw the introduction of industry with textile factories such as La Armonía, La Atrevida and San Cayetano. The [[telegraph]] arrived to the state in 1869 to connect the capital and the port of Manzanillo. Similarly, the telephone service was added in 1883. Railroad service between the two cities began in 1889 and a city tram was added to the capital in 1892.<ref name="enchis"/>

During the [[Mexican Revolution]], there were no major battles but there were local clashes. In 1911, troops loyal to [[Francisco I. Madero]] entered Colima and suspended the state congress. After the war, social organizations that would mark Mexico's development for much of the 20th century were created in Colima as well, especially [[ejido]]s, with the one in Suchitlán being the first. Another important movement was the creation of workers' unions and cooperatives such as the Unión de Estibadores in Manzanillo. In 1919, President [[Venustiano Carranza]] created the Sociedad Cooperativa de Salineros in the city of Colima with the exclusive rights to extract salt from Cuyutlán Lake. These changes were imposed by federal authorities outside of Colima, leading to political instability within the state, especially during elections.<ref name="enchis"/>

Federal intervention from Mexico City continued into the 1920s, with a number of laws to reform schools, hospitals and other institutions, which before had been mostly operated by the Catholic Church. This was opposed by many in the state who supported the Church's formerly prominent role in political and social affairs. The Ley de Cultos (Religion Law) of 1926 gave rise to the [[Cristero War]] pitting those favoring the Catholic Church against those favoring agrarian and socialist reform. Battles and skirmishes related to this conflict took place in a number of locales in Mexico but it caused severe problems in Colima, causing major divisions with no formal resolution.<ref name="enchis"/>

Textile production that began in the 19th century ended by the mid 20th century, though farmers continued to grow cotton to ship to Guadalajara. In the 1940s, the Tecomán Valley began to be intensively cultivated, creating a new source income for the state, with limes as the principle crop, and leading to the development of agro-industry.<ref name="enchis"/>
[[File:Colima University Hall.png|thumb|Colima University Hall "Coronel Pedro Torres Ortiz"]]
The [[University of Colima|Universidad (Popular) de Colima]] was founded in 1942.<ref name="enchis"/>

Much of the history of the latter 20th century into the present revolves around economic development. [[1959 Mexico hurricane|A hurricane]] devastated the state in 1959. The Plan Colima was conceived and executed to improve the general infrastructure of the state during the 1980s by then Mexican president Miguel de la Madrid. It was prompted mostly by road congestion due to port shipping in Manzanillo as well as the growing tourism sector. It was designed to facilitate in-state transportation and connect the state better to the rest of Mexico. The main aspect of the plan was the construction of highways such as the highway that connects Manzanillo to Guadalajara and then onto [[Tampico]]. This highway was amplified at the end of the decade and made a toll road on approach to Manzanillo. The last decades have seen a new wave of industrial construction with the building of facilities for businesses such as [[Cementos Apasco]], [[Citrojugo]], [[Brun Foods]], Embotelladora de Tecomán, Consorcio Minero Benito Juárez-Peña Colorada, Grupo Agroindustrial de Occidente, AMTEX and others.<ref name="xochitl65to66"/>

Mexico's struggles with drug traffickers include the state, which is along Pacific Coast smuggling routes. For the first quarter of 2011, there were 52 registered homicides in the state, most linked to organized crime. This is significantly higher than previous years with most of these occurring in Colima, Villa de Alvarez and Manzanillo.<ref name="ejecutados">{{cite news |title=52 ejecutados en Colima en cuatro meses |url=http://www.colimanoticias.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=13270:52-ejecutados-en-colima-en-cuatro-meses&catid=1:Ultimas%20Noticias |newspaper=Colima Noticias |location=Colima, Mexico |access-date=July 29, 2011 |language=es |trans-title=52 executed in Colima in four months |archive-date=March 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307015836/http://colimanoticias.com/index.php?catid=1:ultimas%20noticias&id=13270:52-ejecutados-en-colima-en-cuatro-meses&option=com_content&view=article |url-status=live }}</ref>