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Common crane
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===Interspecies interactions=== There are few natural predators of adult cranes, although [[white-tailed eagle]] (''Haliaeetus albicilla''), [[Bonelli's eagle]]s (''Aquila fasciata''), [[eastern imperial eagle]]s (''Aquila heliaca'') and [[golden eagle]]s (''Aquila chrysaetos'') are a potential predatory threat to common cranes of all ages.<ref name=Moll1963/><ref name=Sulkava1984/><ref name=Munoz-Pulido1993/><ref name=Aviles1998/><ref>Horváth, M., Solti, B., Fatér, I., Juhász, T., HaraSztHy, L., Szitta, T. & Pásztory-Kovács, S. (2018). Temporal changes in the diet composition of the Eastern Imperial Eagle in Hungary. Ornis Hungarica, 26(1), 1-26.</ref> The crane has been known to counterattack eagles both on the land and in mid-flight, using their bill as a weapon and kicking with their feet.<ref name=Johnsgard1983/> Mammals such as [[wild boar]] (''Sus scrofa''), [[wolverine]] (''Gulo gulo'') and [[red fox]]es (''Vulpes vulpes'') are attacked at the nest. Herbivorous mammals such as [[red deer]] (''Cervus elaphus'') may also be attacked at the nest, indicating the high aggressiveness of the birds while nesting.<ref name=Johnsgard1983/> The determined attack of a parent crane often assures safety from predators including large mammals such as foxes, but occasional losses to predation are inevitable.<ref>Stanbury, Andrew, and Norman Sills. "Common crane habitats in Britain." British Wildlife 23.6 (2012): 381.</ref> The [[carrion crow]] (''Corvus corone'') is locally a successful predator of common cranes' eggs, trickily using distraction displays to steal them. Other species of ''[[Corvus (genus)|Corvus]]'' may also cause some loss of eggs, with [[common raven]]s (''Corvus corax'') also taking some small chicks.<ref name=EOL/><ref name=Leito2005/> Common cranes may loosely associate with any other crane in the genus ''Grus'' in migration or winter as well as [[greater white-fronted goose|greater white-fronted geese]] and [[bean goose|bean geese]].<ref name=Johnsgard1983/>
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