Editing Constitutional monarchy (section)

== Former constitutional monarchies ==
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* The [[Kingdom of Afghanistan]] was a constitutional monarchy under [[Mohammad Zahir Shah]] from 1964 to 1973.
* The [[Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq]] was a constitutional monarchy until 1958 when [[King Faisal II]] was deposed in a military coup.
* The [[Anglo-Corsican Kingdom]] was a brief period in the [[history of Corsica]] (1794–1796) when the island broke with [[Revolutionary France]] and sought military protection from [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]. Corsica became an independent kingdom under [[George III]] of the United Kingdom, but with its own elected parliament and a written constitution guaranteeing local autonomy and democratic rights.
* [[Barbados]] from gaining its independence in 1966 until 2021, was a constitutional monarchy in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] with a [[Governor-General of Barbados|Governor-General]] representing the [[Monarchy of Barbados]]. After an extensive history of [[Republicanism in Barbados|republican]] movements, a republic was declared on 30 November 2021.
* [[Brazil]] from 1822, with the proclamation of independence and rise of the [[Empire of Brazil]] by [[Pedro I of Brazil]] to 1889, when [[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]] was deposed by a military coup.
* [[Third Bulgarian Empire|Tsardom of Bulgaria]] until 1946 when [[Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha|Tsar Simeon]] was deposed by the communist assembly.
* Many [[republics in the Commonwealth of Nations]] were constitutional monarchies for some period after their independence, including [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]] (1910–1961), [[Dominion of Ceylon|Ceylon]] (now [[Sri Lanka]]) (1948–1972), [[Monarchy of Fiji|Fiji]] (1970–1987), [[Queen of the Gambia|Gambia]] (1965–1970), [[Queen of Ghana|Ghana]] (1957–1960), [[Queen of Guyana|Guyana]] (1966–1970), [[Queen of Mauritius|Mauritius]] (1968–1992), [[Queen of Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]] (1962–1976), and [[Monarchy of Barbados|Barbados]] (1966–2021).
* [[Egypt]] was a constitutional monarchy starting from the later part of the [[Khedivate of Egypt|Khedivate]], with parliamentary structures and a responsible khedival ministry developing in the 1860s and 1870s. The constitutional system continued through the Khedivate period and developed during the [[Sultanate of Egypt|Sultanate]] and then [[Kingdom of Egypt]], which established an essentially democratic liberal constitutional regime under the [[Egyptian Constitution of 1923]]. This system persisted until the declaration of [[History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser#Republic of Egypt (1953–1958)|a republic]] after the [[Free Officers Movement (Egypt)|Free Officers Movement]] coup in 1952. For most of this period, however, Egypt was [[History of Egypt under the British|occupied by the United Kingdom]], and overall political control was in the hands of British colonial officials [[List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Egypt|nominally accredited as diplomats]] to the Egyptian royal court but actually able to overrule any decision of the monarch or elected government.
* The [[Grand Duchy of Finland]] was a constitutional monarchy though its ruler, [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]], was simultaneously an [[Autocracy|autocrat]] and [[Absolute monarchy|absolute ruler]] in Russia.
* [[France]], several times from 1789 through the 19th century. The transformation of the [[Estates General of 1789]] into the [[National Constituent Assembly (France)|National Assembly]] initiated an ad-hoc transition from the absolute monarchy of the ''[[Ancien Régime]]'' to a new constitutional system. France formally became an executive constitutional monarchy with the promulgation of the [[French Constitution of 1791]], which took effect on 1 October of that year. This first French constitutional monarchy was short-lived, ending with the overthrow of the monarchy and establishment of the [[French First Republic]] after the [[Insurrection of 10 August 1792]]. Several years later, in 1804, [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] proclaimed himself Emperor of the French in what was ostensibly a constitutional monarchy, though modern historians often call his reign as an absolute monarchy.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} The [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]] (under [[Louis XVIII]] and [[Charles X of France|Charles X]]), the [[July Monarchy]] (under [[Louis-Philippe]]), and the [[Second French Empire|Second Empire]] (under [[Napoleon III]]) were also constitutional monarchies, although the power of the monarch varied considerably between them and sometimes within them.
* The [[German Empire]] from 1871 to 1918, (as well as earlier confederations, and the monarchies it consisted of) was also a constitutional monarchy—see [[Constitution of the German Empire]].
* [[Greece]] until 1973 when [[Constantine II of Greece|Constantine II]] was deposed by the [[Greek military junta of 1967–74|military government]]. The decision was formalized by a [[Greek plebiscite, 1974|plebiscite]] 8 December 1974.
* [[Kingdom of Hawaii|Hawaii]], which was an absolute monarchy from its founding in 1810, transitioned to a constitutional monarchy in 1840 when [[King Kamehameha III]] promulgated the kingdom's [[1840 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii|first constitution]]. This constitutional form of government continued until the monarchy was overthrown in an 1893 [[Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii#Coup d.27état|coup]].
* The [[Kingdom of Hungary]]. In 1848–1849 and 1867–1918 as part of [[Austria-Hungary]]. In the interwar period (1920–1944) [[Hungary]] remained a constitutional monarchy without a reigning monarch.
* [[Iceland]]. The Act of Union, a 1 December 1918 agreement with Denmark, established Iceland as a [[Monarchy of Iceland|sovereign kingdom]] united with Denmark under a common king. Iceland abolished the monarchy and became a republic on 17 June 1944 after the Icelandic constitutional referendum, 24 May 1944.
* [[Dominion of India|India]] was a constitutional monarchy, with [[George VI]] as head of state and [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|the Earl Mountbatten]] as [[Governor-General of India|governor-general]], for a brief period between gaining its independence from the British on [[Independence Day (India)|15 August 1947]] and becoming a republic when it adopted [[Constitution of India|its constitution]] on 26 January 1950, henceforth celebrated as [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]].
* [[Pahlavi Iran]] under [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi]] was a constitutional monarchy, which had been originally established during the [[Persian Constitutional Revolution]] in 1906.
* [[Italy]] until 2 June 1946, when a referendum proclaimed the end of the Kingdom and the beginning of the Republic.
* The [[Kingdom of Laos]] was a constitutional monarchy until 1975, when [[Savang Vatthana|Sisavang Vatthana]] was forced to abdicate by the communist [[Pathet Lao]].
* [[Malta]] was a constitutional monarchy with [[Elizabeth II]] as Queen of Malta, represented by a Governor-General appointed by her, for the first ten years of independence from 21 September 1964 to the declaration of the Republic of Malta on 13 December 1974.
* [[Mexico]] was twice an Empire. The [[First Mexican Empire]] lasted from 19 May 1822 to 19 March 1823, with [[Agustín de Iturbide|Agustin I]] elected as emperor. Then, the [[Monarchism in Mexico|Mexican monarchists]] and conservatives, with the help of the Austrian and Spanish crowns and [[Napoleon III of France]], elected [[Maximilian of Mexico|Maximilian of Austria]] as [[Emperor of Mexico]]. This constitutional monarchy lasted three years, from 1864 to 1867.
* [[Kingdom of Montenegro|Montenegro]] until 1918 when it merged with [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]] and other areas to form [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]].
* [[Nepal]] until 28 May 2008, when [[King Gyanendra]] was deposed, and the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal was declared.
* Nigeria was a constitutional monarchy from its independence in 1960 till it became a Republic in 1963. It's only monarch was Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Nigeria.
* [[Ottoman Empire]] from 1876 until 1878 and again from 1908 until the dissolution of the empire in 1922.
* [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] was a constitutional monarchy for a brief period between gaining its independence from the British on [[Independence Day (Pakistan)|14 August 1947]] and becoming a republic when it adopted the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|first Constitution of Pakistan]] on 23 March 1956. The [[Dominion of Pakistan]] had a total of two monarchs ([[George VI]] and [[Elizabeth II]]) and four [[Governor-General of Pakistan|Governor-Generals]] ([[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] being the first). [[Republic Day (Pakistan)|Republic Day]] (or Pakistan Day) is celebrated every year on 23 March to commemorate the adoption of its Constitution and the transition of the Dominion of Pakistan to the [[Pakistan|Islamic Republic of Pakistan]].
* The [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], formed after the [[Union of Lublin]] in 1569 and lasting until the final partition of the state in 1795, operated much like many modern European constitutional monarchies (into which it was officially changed by the establishment of the [[Constitution of 3 May 1791]], which historian [[Norman Davies]] calls "the first constitution of its kind in Europe").{{sfn|Davies|1996|page=699}} The legislators of the unified state truly did not see it as a monarchy at all, but as ''a republic under the presidency of the King'' . Poland–Lithuania also followed the principle of {{Lang|la|Rex regnat et non gubernat}}, had a bicameral parliament, and a collection of entrenched legal documents amounting to a constitution along the lines of the modern [[United Kingdom]]. The King was elected and had the duty of maintaining the people's rights.
* [[Portugal]] was a monarchy since 1139 and a constitutional monarchy from 1822 to 1828, and again from 1834 until 1910, when [[Manuel II of Portugal|Manuel II]] was overthrown by a military coup. From 1815 to 1825 it was part of the [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]] which was a constitutional monarchy for the years 1820–23.
* [[Kingdom of Romania]] from its establishment in 1881 until 1947 when [[Michael I of Romania|Michael I]] was forced to abdicate by the communists.
* [[Kingdom of Serbia]] from 1882 until 1918, when it merged with the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs into the unitary Yugoslav Kingdom, that was led by the Serbian [[Karadjordjevic]] dynasty.
* [[Trinidad and Tobago]] was a constitutional monarchy with [[Elizabeth II]] as [[Queen of Trinidad and Tobago]], represented by a [[Governor-General of Trinidad and Tobago|Governor-General]] appointed by her, for the first fourteen years of independence from 31 August 1962 to the declaration of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago on 1 August 1976. Republic Day is celebrated every year on 24 September.
* [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] from 1918 (as [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]]) until 1929 and from 1931 (as [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]) until 1945 when the communist government abolished the monarchy under [[Peter II of Yugoslavia|Peter II]].
* [[State of Vietnam|Vietnam]] was a semi-constitutional monarchy from 1949 to 1955, [[Bảo Đại]] was its emperor but he was called the Head of State (''Quốc trưởng''), political power was also in the hands of the government and the National Advisory Council. Vietnam under Bảo Đại planned to organize parliamentary elections and promulgate a constitution, but not in time due to the progress of the [[First Indochina War|war]].