Editing Contamination (section)

== Food contaminant detection method ==
The conventional food contaminant test methods may be limited by complicated/tedious sample preparing procedure, long testing time, sumptuous instrument, and professional operator.<ref name="Chiou 2243–2264">{{Cite journal |last1=Chiou |first1=Jiachi |last2=Leung |first2=Arthur Ho Hon |last3=Lee |first3=Hang Wai |last4=Wong |first4=Wing-tak |date=2015-11-01 |title=Rapid testing methods for food contaminants and toxicants |url= |journal=Journal of Integrative Agriculture |language=en |volume=14 |issue=11 |pages=2243–2264 |doi=10.1016/S2095-3119(15)61119-4 |issn=2095-3119|doi-access=free |bibcode=2015JIAgr..14.2243C }}</ref> However, some rapid, novel, sensitive, and easy to use and affordable methods were developed including:

* Cyanidin quantification by naphthalimide-based azo dye colorimetric probe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Garg |first1=Bhaskar |last2=Yan |first2=Linyin |last3=Bisht |first3=Tanuja |last4=Zhu |first4=Chaoyuan |last5=Ling |first5=Yong-Chien |date=2014-08-15 |title=A phenothiazine-based colorimetric chemodosimeter for the rapid detection of cyanide anions in organic and aqueous media |url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2014/ra/c4ra06440b |journal=RSC Advances |language=en |volume=4 |issue=68 |pages=36344–36349 |doi=10.1039/C4RA06440B |bibcode=2014RSCAd...436344G |issn=2046-2069|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* Lead quantification by modified immunoassay test strip based on a heterogeneously sized gold amplified probe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kuang |first1=Hua |last2=Xing |first2=Changrui |last3=Hao |first3=Changlong |last4=Liu |first4=Liqiang |last5=Wang |first5=Libing |last6=Xu |first6=Chuanlai |date=April 2013 |title=Rapid and Highly Sensitive Detection of Lead Ions in Drinking Water Based on a Strip Immunosensor |journal=Sensors |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=4214–4224 |doi=10.3390/s130404214 |issn=1424-8220 |pmc=3673080 |pmid=23539028 |bibcode=2013Senso..13.4214K |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Microbial toxin by HPLC with UV-Vis or fluorescence detection<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Copetti |first1=Marina V. |last2=Iamanaka |first2=Beatriz T. |last3=Pitt |first3=John I. |last4=Taniwaki |first4=Marta H. |date=2014-05-16 |title=Fungi and mycotoxins in cocoa: From farm to chocolate |url= http://repositorio.ital.sp.gov.br/jspui/handle/123456789/364|journal=International Journal of Food Microbiology |language=en |volume=178 |pages=13–20 |doi=10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.02.023 |pmid=24667314 |issn=0168-1605}}</ref> and competitive immunoassays with ELISA configuration.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maragos |first=Chris |date=December 2009 |title=Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay of Mycotoxins: A Review |journal=Toxins |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=196–207 |doi=10.3390/toxins1020196 |issn=2072-6651 |pmc=3202780 |pmid=22069541 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Bacterial virulence genes detection reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and DNA colony hybridization.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhu |first1=Kui |last2=Dietrich |first2=Richard |last3=Didier |first3=Andrea |last4=Doyscher |first4=Dominik |last5=Märtlbauer |first5=Erwin |date=April 2014 |title=Recent Developments in Antibody-Based Assays for the Detection of Bacterial Toxins |journal=Toxins |language=en |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1325–1348 |doi=10.3390/toxins6041325 |issn=2072-6651 |pmc=4014736 |pmid=24732203 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Pesticide detection and quantification by strip-based immunoassay,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Blažková |first1=Martina |last2=Rauch |first2=Pavel |last3=Fukal |first3=Ladislav |date=2010-05-15 |title=Strip-based immunoassay for rapid detection of thiabendazole |url= |journal=Biosensors and Bioelectronics |language=en |volume=25 |issue=9 |pages=2122–2128 |doi=10.1016/j.bios.2010.02.011 |pmid=20236817 |issn=0956-5663}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Holubová-Mičková |first1=Barbora |last2=Blažková |first2=Martina |last3=Fukal |first3=Ladislav |last4=Rauch |first4=Pavel |date=2010-07-01 |title=Development of colloidal carbon-based immunochromatographic strip for rapid detection of carbaryl in fruit juices |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-010-1301-z |journal=European Food Research and Technology |language=en |volume=231 |issue=3 |pages=467–473 |doi=10.1007/s00217-010-1301-z |s2cid=97326355 |issn=1438-2385|url-access=subscription }}</ref> a test strip based on functionalized AuNPs,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Imene |first1=Boussouar |last2=Cui |first2=ZhiMin |last3=Zhang |first3=Xiaoyan |last4=Gan |first4=Bing |last5=Yin |first5=Yanchao |last6=Tian |first6=Yuanyuan |last7=Deng |first7=Hongtao |last8=Li |first8=Haibing |date=2014-08-01 |title=4-Amino-3-mercaptobenzoic acid functionalized gold nanoparticles: Synthesis, selective recognition and colorimetric detection of cyhalothrin |url= |journal=Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical |language=en |volume=199 |pages=161–167 |doi=10.1016/j.snb.2014.03.097 |bibcode=2014SeAcB.199..161I |issn=0925-4005}}</ref> and test strip, surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy (SERS).<ref name="Chiou 2243–2264"/>
* Enrofloxacin (chickens antibiotic) quantification by a Ru(phen)3 2+- doped silica fluorescent [[nanoparticle]] (NP) based immunochromatographic test strip and a portable fluorescent strip reader.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Xiaolin |last2=Aguilar |first2=Zoraida P. |last3=Li |first3=Huaiming |last4=Lai |first4=Weihua |last5=Wei |first5=Hua |last6=Xu |first6=Hengyi |last7=Xiong |first7=Yonghua |date=2013-05-21 |title=Fluorescent Ru(phen) 3 2+ -Doped Silica Nanoparticles-Based ICTS Sensor for Quantitative Detection of Enrofloxacin Residues in Chicken Meat |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac400502v |journal=Analytical Chemistry |language=en |volume=85 |issue=10 |pages=5120–5128 |doi=10.1021/ac400502v |pmid=23614687 |issn=0003-2700|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* Nitrite quantification by The PRhB-based electrochemical sensors<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lu |first1=Limin |last2=Zhang |first2=Ou |last3=Xu |first3=Jingkun |last4=Wen |first4=Yangping |last5=Duan |first5=Xuemin |last6=Yu |first6=Hongmei |last7=Wu |first7=Liping |last8=Nie |first8=Tao |date=2013-05-01 |title=A facile one-step redox route for the synthesis of graphene/poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanocomposite and their applications in biosensing |url= |journal=Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical |language=en |volume=181 |pages=567–574 |doi=10.1016/j.snb.2013.02.024 |bibcode=2013SeAcB.181..567L |issn=0925-4005}}</ref> and Ion selective electrodes (ISEs).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Parks |first1=Sophie E. |last2=Irving |first2=Donald E. |last3=Milham |first3=Paul J. |date=2012-02-01 |title=A critical evaluation of on-farm rapid tests for measuring nitrate in leafy vegetables |url= |journal=Scientia Horticulturae |language=en |volume=134 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1016/j.scienta.2011.10.015 |bibcode=2012ScHor.134....1P |issn=0304-4238}}</ref>