Editing Crow language (section)

==Morphology==
Crow is a [[polysynthetic language]].

===Nominal morphology===
Basic stems consist of one to four syllables (with four being rare) and always end in a vowel. Monosyllabic stems have long vowels or diphthongs, e.g., ''bií'', 'stone, rock'; ''bía'', 'woman'. The vast majority of nouns in Crow are derived stems. Derivational processes in nominal morphology include affixation and compounding.

====Suffixes====
An exhaustive list of nominal suffixes:
*{{transliteration|cro|aachí/lichí}} - 'approximative': {{transliteration|cro|aachí}} follows a stem-final short vowel, {{transliteration|cro|lichí}} follows a stem-final long vowel. Marks resemblance or similarity: 'kind of, sort of, like, (temporal) around the time of.'
*{{transliteration|cro|kaáshi}} - 'real, true; very'
*{{transliteration|cro|káata}} - 'diminutive': Can add the diminutive meaning 'small, little' or the endearing, affectionate meaning 'dear' according to the semantics of the noun.
*{{transliteration|cro|kíishi}} - 'sportive, imitative': Marks resemblance or imitation.
*{{transliteration|cro|táa(hi)li}} - 'real, genuine': Marks an object's reality, its genuineness. Often reduced to ''táali''.
*{{transliteration|cro|ahi}} - 'here and there': Most commonly occurs with verbs, though occasionally is attached to nouns.
*{{transliteration|cro|ht(aa)}} - 'even': Marks concessive subordinate clauses as 'although, even though, even if.'  Also occurs as a noun suffix glossed as 'even.'  ''Htaa'' is a rare suffix that combines with the bare nominal stem of the noun.

====Prefixes====
Prefixes will render a relative clause into a derived noun.
*{{transliteration|cro|ak}} - 'agent nominalizer': creates agentive nouns (ex. 'singer', 'dancer') from active verbs or verbs plus incorporated objects.
*{{transliteration|cro|ala}} - 'locative, temporal, or manner nominalizer': 'where, when, how' derived from verbs or verbs plus incorporated nouns. In some cases, ''ala'' may follow the noun creating a lexicalized relative clause.
*{{transliteration|cro|baa}} - 'indefinite nominalizer': Derived from stative verbs, [[inalienably possessed noun]]s plus stative verbs, active transitive verbs, and from active intransitive verbs.
*{{transliteration|cro|ii}} - 'instrumental nominalizer': Derived from active transitive and intransitive verbs, and from transitive verbs plus incorporated nouns.
*{{transliteration|cro|bale}} - 'depossessivizer': Allows an inalienably possessed noun to occur without a possessor.

====Compounding====
There are two basic types of compounding in Crow: noun-noun compounds and noun-verb compounds.

Noun-noun compounds often involve a whole-part relationship: the first noun refers to the whole and the second to the part. Members of the compound may also be themselves compounds or derived nouns.

{{interlinear|lang=cro|indent=3
|íi + bilí {{=}} íi-wili
|mouth + water {{=}} saliva|}}

{{interlinear|lang=cro|indent=3
|áali + ísshi {{=}} áal-isshi
|arm + container {{=}} sleeve|}}

Noun-verb compounds consist of a noun plus a stative verb. There are a number of select exceptions.

====Possession====
Nouns are classified as either inalienably or alienably possessed, according to which possessive markers they occur with.

Inalienably possessed nouns are those that are inherently possessed or nondetachable associations, specifically body parts and family members, opposed to alienably possessed nouns whose entity is not inherently possessed. This rule is not absolute as some body parts and kin nouns can be considered alienable and some nouns with close associations to its possessor (i.e., {{transliteration|cro|aasúu}} 'his house', {{transliteration|cro|isaashkakaáshi}} 'her dog') can be considered inalienable.

The affixed possession paradigm for inalienable and alienable possessives can be derived. The alienable possessives only use the first consonant of the alienable prefixes and do not mark the possessor when the prefix begins with a vowel. The final suffix transforms into a diphthong from /-o/.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | Alienable
! colspan=2 | Inalienable
|-
! <small>Singular</small> || <small>Plural</small>
! <small>Singular</small> || <small>Plural</small>
|-
! 1st Person
| '''''bas-'''''{root}
| '''''bas-'''''{root}'''''-o'''''
| '''''b-'''''{root}
| '''''b-'''''{root}'''''-úua'''''
|-
! 2nd Person
| '''''dís-'''''{root}
| '''''dís-'''''{root}'''''-o'''''
| '''''d-'''''{root}
| '''''d-'''''{root}'''''-uua'''''
|-
! 3rd Person
| '''''is-'''''{root}
| '''''is-'''''{root}'''''-o'''''
| '''''0-'''''{root}
| '''''0-'''''{root}'''''-úua'''''
|}

====Personal names====
Personal names constitute a distinct morphological class of nouns in Crow. They are marked with the definite determiner suffix /sh/, which attaches to the stem rather than to the citation form.

====Pronouns====
Crow has three pronominal forms: bound; emphatic and contrastive; and interrogative-indefinite pronouns. With the first two types, there is a correlation between morphology and syntax. Argument pronouns are generally bound whereas emphatic and contrastive pronouns are generally independent. Bound pronominals function as direct and [[oblique argument]]s.

*'''A-set pronominals''' mark only subjects of active verbs, both transitive and intransitive.
*'''B-set pronominals''' mark subjects of stative verbs, direct objects, and objects of postpositions.

Bound Pronominal Stems:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan=2 |
! colspan=2 | A-Set
! colspan=2 | B-Set
|-
! <small>Singular</small> || <small>Plural</small>
! <small>Singular</small> || <small>Plural</small>
|-
! 1st Person
| '''''baa'''''
| '''''baa'''''+PL
| '''''bii'''''
| '''''balee'''''
|-
! 2nd Person
| '''''dá(a)'''''
| '''''dá(a)'''''+PL
| '''''dii'''''
| '''''dii'''''+PL
|-
! 3rd Person
| '''''0'''''
| '''''0'''''+PL
| '''''0'''''
| '''''0'''''+PL
|}

===Verbal morphology===
Verbal derivational morphology is composed of prefixes, suffixes, one infix (''chi'', 'again; possessive reflexive') and reduplication, which expresses an "iterative, distributive, or intensive sense to the meaning of the stem."<ref name="Graczyk p104">Graczyk, 2007: 104.</ref>

====Active–stative verbs====
The morphological verb classes in Crow mirror a semantic distinction: Crow is an [[active–stative language]], meaning that the subject of an active verb is treated differently than the subject of a stative verb. Active verbs and stative verbs are marked with distinct sets of pronominal affixes: the "A-set" for active verbs and the "B-set" for stative verbs.

'''Active verbs''' may have one, two, or three arguments (making them respectively intransitive, transitive, or ditransitive). An intransitive verb takes a subject (SV), a transitive verb takes a subject and an object (SOV) and a ditransitive verb takes a subject and two objects (SO<sub>1</sub>O<sub>2</sub>V). In a relative clause built on an active verb, when the subject of the verb is the head of the relative clause and it is an animate noun phrase, it is marked by ''ak''.

'''Stative verbs''' may have zero (impersonal), one, or two arguments. In a relative clause, the subject of a stative verb is marked with ''m'' or in elevated discourse, ''dak''. There may also be an absence of marking on the head noun where the entire relative clause is marked with the indefinite nonspecific determiner ''m''.

====Verb chain====
Crow has a fairly complex ordering of verb phrase constituents. The following table demonstrates simple constructions of active-state intransitive and transitive verbs based on the first person.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
|-
!
! [[Indirect object]]
! Indirect Object No.
! [[Direct object]]
! Subject: [[Transitive verb]]
! Subject: [[Intransitive verb]]
! Subject No.
! Verb Stem
! Subject: Transitive Causative
! [[Causative]]
! Subject No.
! [[Grammatical mood|Mood]]
|-
!
! <small>B-Set Pronominals</small>
!
! <small>A-Set Pronominals</small>
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!1
|
|
|
|
|''baa''
|
|Active Intransitive
|
|
|Singular-Plural
|Mood
|-
!2
|
|
|''bii''
|
|
|Singular-Plural
|Active Intransitive
|''[b]''
|''aa''
|Singular-Plural
|Mood
|-
!3
|
|
|''bii''
|''baa''
|
|Singular-Plural
|Active Transitive
|
|
|Singular-Plural
|Mood
|-
!4
|''bii''
|Singular-Plural
|''bii''
|
|
|Singular-Plural
|Active Transitive
|''wa''
|''hc''
|Singular-Plural
|Mood
|-
!5
|
|
|
|
|''bii''
|
|Stative Intransitive
|
|
|Singular-Plural
|Mood
|-
!6
|
|
|''bii''
|
|
|Singular-Plural
|Stative Intransitive
|
|
|Singular-Plural
|Mood
|}

*1-4) Active ("A-Set") pronominals in Crow are very diverse coming in many different forms based on the based bound form. They are patterned by a certain list of lexical and phonological factors, such as the ''dú(u) - by hand'' pattern which results in a 1sg ''bu'' and a 2sg ''di'', or the ''dá(a) - by mouth'' pattern which results in a 1sg ''ba'' and a 2sg ''da''.
*2) For Active-Intransitive Causative Verbs, 1-2 person singular causitive (rank 10) is marked by ''aa'' as in chart, 1-2 person plural is marked by ''uu'', 3rd person singular is marked by ''ee'' or ''a'' determined lexically, and 3rd person plural is marked by either ''uu'', ''o'', or ''iio'' determined lexically.
*4) For Active-Transitive Causative Verbs, the causative transitive verb subject is marked by ''wa'' in the first person, ''la'' in the second person and ''0'' in the third person. The Causative affixes are ''hc'' (singular) and ''hk'' (plural).
*Mood in Crow is expressed by a variety of postpositionals. The standard indicative morpheme is ''k''.

The verb chain constituents are, of course, much more complicated. Following is a concise list of the rank ordering of each type element:
*Prefixes:
**I: Adverbial proclitics:
**II: B-set pronominal elements
**III: A-set pronominal elements
**IV: Locative prefixes
**V: Instrumental prefixes
*Stem:
**VI: Stem modification - reduplication or prefixation and infixation of ''chi/ku'' "again"
*Suffixes
**VII: Derivational suffixes
**VIII: Punctual ''áhi''
**IX: Continuative, modal, or benefactive auxiliary
**X: Habitual ''i''
**XI: Plural
**XII: Subordinate clause markers
***a. Speech act and evidential markers
***b. Switch reference markers
***c. Subordinate clause markers
***d. Clauses without final markers
**XIII: Negative ''ssaa''