Editing Defecation (section)

===Other===
Attempting forced expiration of breath against a closed airway (the [[Valsalva maneuver]]) is sometimes practiced to induce defecation while on a [[toilet]]. This contraction of expiratory [[chest]] muscles, [[diaphragm (anatomy)|diaphragm]], abdominal wall muscles, and [[pelvis|pelvic]] diaphragm exerts pressure on the digestive tract. [[Ventilation (physiology)|Ventilation]] at this point temporarily ceases as the lungs push the chest diaphragm down to exert the pressure. [[Cardiac arrest]]<ref name="pmid27716918">{{cite journal|vauthors=Fisher-Hubbard AO, Kesha K, Diaz F, Njiwaji C, Chi P, Schmidt CJ|year=2016|title=Commode Cardia-Death by Valsalva Maneuver: A Case Series|journal=[[Journal of Forensic Sciences]]|volume=61|issue=6|pages=1541–1545|doi=10.1111/1556-4029.13196|pmid=27716918|s2cid=4727369|hdl=2027.42/134829|hdl-access=free}}</ref> and other cardiovascular complications<ref name="pmid27151226">{{cite journal|vauthors=Ikeda T, Oomura M, Sato C, Anan C, Yamada K, Kamimoto K|year=2016|title=Cerebral infarction due to cardiac myxoma developed with the loss of consciousness immediately after defecation-a case report|journal=Rinsho Shinkeigaku|volume=56|issue=5|pages=328–333|doi=10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-000856|pmid=27151226|doi-access=free}}</ref> can in rare cases occur due to attempting to defecate using the Valsalva maneuver. [[Valsalva retinopathy]] is another pathological syndrome associated with the Valsalva maneuver.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gibran|first1=S K|last2=Kenawy|first2=N|last3=Wong|first3=D|last4=Hiscott|first4=P|year=2007|title=Changes in the retinal inner limiting membrane associated with Valsalva retinopathy|journal=[[British Journal of Ophthalmology]]|volume=91|issue=5|pages=701–2|doi=10.1136/bjo.2006.104935|pmc=1954736|pmid=17446519}}</ref><ref name="pmid19747224">{{cite journal|author=Connor AJ|year=2010|title=Valsalva-related retinal venous dilation caused by defaecation|journal=[[Acta Ophthalmologica]]|volume=88|issue=4|pages=328–33|doi=10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01624.x|pmid=19747224|s2cid=26590048|doi-access=free}}</ref> Thoracic [[blood pressure]] rises and as a reflex response the amount of blood pumped by the heart decreases. Death has been known to occur in cases where defecation causes the blood pressure to rise enough to cause the rupture of an [[aneurysm]] or to dislodge blood clots (see [[thrombosis]]). Also, in releasing the Valsalva maneuver blood pressure falls; this, coupled with standing up quickly to leave the toilet, can result in a blackout.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}
[[File:Hurkende man Capricci di varie Figure di Jacopo Callot (serietitel) Diverse figuren en voorstellingen (serietitel), RP-P-OB-21.068.jpg|thumb|right|280px|A person defacating outside. Etching, paper. Jacques Callot. Rijksmuseum,  Amsterdam. 1621]]