Editing Defective verb (section)

== Hindustani ==
In [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] ([[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]]) all the verbs except the verb '''''hona''''' (to be) lack the following conjugations.

# Indicative Mood
#* Present
#* Imperfect
# Presumptive Mood
# Subjunctive Mood
#* Present
The comparison between the conjugations of '''''hona''''' (to be) and the conjugations of all other verbs are shown in the table below:
{|
|
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="10" |'''non-aspectual conjugations of "''honā'' (to be)"'''
|-
! rowspan="5" |''mood''
! rowspan="5" |''tense''
! colspan="6" |''singular''
! colspan="2" |''plural''
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |''1P - mãĩ''
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |''2P - tum<sup>1</sup>''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |''3P - yah/ye, vah/vo''
! colspan="2" |''1P - ham<sup>1</sup>''
|-
! colspan="2" |''2P - āp<sup>1</sup>''
|-
! colspan="2" |''2P - tū''
! colspan="2" |''3P - ye, ve/vo''
|-
!''♂''
!''♀''
!''♂''
!''♀''
!''♂''
!''♀''
!''♂''
!''♀''
|-
| rowspan="5" |'''''indicative'''''
|'''''present'''''
| colspan="2" |hū̃
| colspan="2" |ho
| colspan="2" |hai
| colspan="2" |hãĩ
|-
|'''''perfect'''''
|huā
|huī
|hue
|huī
|huā
|huī
|hue
|huī̃
|-
|'''''imperfect'''''
|thā
|thī
|the
|thī
|thā
|thī
|the
|thī̃
|-
|'''''future<sup>2</sup> - 1'''''
|hoū̃gā
|hoū̃gī
|hooge
|hoogī
|hoegā
|hoegī
|hoẽge
|hoẽgī
|-
|'''''future<sup>2</sup> - 2'''''
| rowspan="3" |hū̃gā
| rowspan="3" |hū̃gī
| rowspan="3" |hoge
| rowspan="3" |hogī
| rowspan="3" |hogā
| rowspan="3" |hogī
| rowspan="3" |hõge
| rowspan="3" |hõgī
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''''presumptive'''''
|'''''present'''''
|-
|'''''past'''''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''''subjunctive'''''
|'''''present'''''
| colspan="2" |hū̃
| colspan="2" |ho
| colspan="2" |ho
| colspan="2" |hõ
|-
|'''''future'''''
| colspan="2" |hoū̃
| colspan="2" |hoo
| colspan="2" |hoe
| colspan="2" |hoẽ
|-
|'''''contrafactual'''''
|'''''past'''''
|hotā
|hotī
|hote
|hotī
|hotā
|hotī
|hote
|hotī̃
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''''imperative'''''
|'''''present'''''
| colspan="2" |—
| colspan="2" |hoo
| colspan="2" |ho
| colspan="2" |hoiye
|-
|'''''future'''''
| colspan="2" |—
| colspan="2" |honā
| colspan="2" |hoiyo
| colspan="2" |hoiyegā
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="10" |'''non-aspectual conjugations of "''karnā'' (to do)"'''
|-
! rowspan="5" |''mood''
! rowspan="5" |''tense''
! colspan="6" |''singular''
! colspan="2" |''plural''
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |''1P - mãĩ''
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |''2P - tum<sup>1</sup>''
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |''3P - yah/ye, vah/vo''
! colspan="2" |''1P - ham<sup>1</sup>''
|-
! colspan="2" |''2P - āp<sup>1</sup>''
|-
! colspan="2" |''2P - tū''
! colspan="2" |''3P - ye, ve/vo''
|-
!''♂''
!''♀''
!''♂''
!''♀''
!''♂''
!''♀''
!''♂''
!''♀''
|-
| rowspan="5" |'''''indicative'''''
|'''''present'''''
| colspan="2" |—
| colspan="2" |—
| colspan="2" |—
| colspan="2" |—
|-
|'''''perfect'''''
|kiyā
|kī
|kiye
|kī
|kiyā
|kī
|kiye
|kī̃
|-
|'''''imperfect'''''
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|-
|'''''future<sup>2</sup> - 1'''''
|karū̃gā
|karū̃gī
|karoge
|karogī
|karegā
|karegī
|karẽge
|karẽgī
|-
|'''''future<sup>2</sup> - 2'''''
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
| rowspan="3" |—
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''''presumptive'''''
|'''''present'''''
|-
|'''''past'''''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''''subjunctive'''''
|'''''present'''''
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|-
|'''''future'''''
| colspan="2" |karū̃
| colspan="2" |karo
| colspan="2" |kare
| colspan="2" |karẽ
|-
|'''''contrafactual'''''
|'''''past'''''
|kartā
|kartī
|karte
|kartī
|kartā
|kartī
|karte
|kartī̃
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''''imperative'''''
|'''''present'''''
| colspan="2" |—
| colspan="2" |karo
| colspan="2" |kar
| colspan="2" |kariye
|-
|'''''future'''''
| colspan="2" |—
| colspan="2" |karnā
| colspan="2" |kariyo
| colspan="2" |kariyegā
|}
|-
| colspan="2" |<sup>'''''1'''''</sup> ''the pronouns '''tum''', '''āp''', and '''ham''' can be used in both singular and plural sense, akin to the English pronoun '''you''', although the singular use of '''ham''' is proscribed.''<nowiki/>
|-
| colspan="2" |<sup>'''2'''</sup> the indicative ''future 1'' and ''future 2'' conjugations are [[synonym]]ous, however, only the ''future 2'' conjugations can be used as the ''[[presumptive mood]]'' copula.
|}
Some verbs in Hindustani which have monosyllabic verb roots ending in the vowels /i/, /ī/ or /e/ are defective because they have the second person intimate and formal future imperative conjugations which are uncommon to native speakers of Hindustani and are almost rarely used. The * mark before some intimate imperative forms below shows those rarely used forms.<ref>{{cite thesis|author=Poornima, Shakthi|title=Hindi Aspectual Complex Predicates at the Syntax-Semantics Interface|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1029863291 |location=[[University at Buffalo]]|id={{ProQuest|1029863291}}|degree=PhD|isbn=978-1-267-45782-0|year=2012}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Verbs
! rowspan="2" |Infinitive
! colspan="2" |Intimate
! colspan="2" |Neutral
! colspan="2" |Formal
|-
!Present
!Future
!Present
!Future
!Present
!Future
|-
!do
!karnā
|kar
|kariyo
|karo
|karnā
|kījiye
|kījiyegā
|-
!give
!denā
|de
|diyo
|do
|denā
|dījiye
|dījiyegā
|-
!drink
!pīnā
|pī
|'''*pīiyo'''
|piyo
|pīnā
|pījiye
|pījiyegā
|-
!live
!jīnā
|jī
|'''*jīiyo'''
|jiyo
|jīnā
|'''*jīiye'''
|'''*jīiyegā'''
|-
!sew
!sīnā
|sī
|'''*sīiyo'''
|siyo
|sīnā
|'''*sīiye'''
|'''*sīiyegā'''
|}