Editing Dehumanization (section)

=== Race and ethnicity ===
[[File:Alaska Death Trap.jpg|thumb|upright|American propaganda poster from World War II featuring a Japanese soldier depicted as a rat]]
Racist dehumanization entails that groups and individuals are understood as less than fully human by virtue of their race.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jardina |first1=Ashley |last2=Piston |first2=Spencer |date=2023 |title=The Politics of Racist Dehumanization in the United States |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=369–388 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-062321-041446 |issn=1094-2939|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Dehumanization often occurs as a result of intergroup conflict. Ethnic and racial others are often represented as animals in popular culture and scholarship. There is evidence that this representation persists in the American context with African Americans implicitly associated with apes. To the extent that an individual has this dehumanizing implicit association, they are more likely to support violence against African Americans (e.g., jury decisions to execute defendants).<ref name="Goff, 2008">{{cite journal|last1=Goff|first1=Phillip Atiba|last2=Eberhardt|first2=Jennifer L.|last3=Williams|first3=Melissa J.|last4=Jackson|first4=Matthew Christian|title=Not yet human: Implicit knowledge, historical dehumanization, and contemporary consequences.|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|volume=94|issue=2|year=2008|pages=292–306|pmid=18211178|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.94.2.292}}</ref> Historically, dehumanization is frequently connected to genocidal conflicts in that ideologies before and during the conflict depict victims as subhuman (e.g., rodents).<ref name="Haslam, N, 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Haslam |first1=Nick |year=2006 |title=Dehumanization: An Integrative Review |url=http://general.utpb.edu/FAC/hughes_j/Haslam%20on%20dehumanization.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Personality and Social Psychology Review]] |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=252–264 |doi=10.1207/s15327957pspr1003_4 |pmid=16859440 |s2cid=18142674 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626110654/http://general.utpb.edu/fac/hughes_j/Haslam%20on%20dehumanization.pdf |archive-date=2013-06-26}}</ref> Immigrants may also be dehumanized in this manner.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=O'Brien|first1=Gerald|title=Indigestible Food, Conquering Hordes, and Waste Materials: Metaphors of Immigrants and the Early Immigration Restriction Debate in the United States|journal=Metaphor and Symbol|volume=18|issue=1|year=2003|pages=33–47|url=http://www.uky.edu/~addesa01/documents/IndigestibleFood.pdf|doi=10.1207/S15327868MS1801_3|s2cid=143579187|access-date=2014-11-07|archive-date=2014-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107081941/http://www.uky.edu/~addesa01/documents/IndigestibleFood.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Serbien muss sterbien.jpg|thumb|left|Austrian propaganda poster made during World War I depicting a [[Serb]] as an ape-like terrorist]]
In 1901, the [[Federation of Australia|six Australian colonies assented to federation]], creating the modern nation state of [[Australia]] and [[Government of Australia|its government]]. Section&nbsp;51 (xxvi) excluded [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginals]] from the groups protected by special laws, and section&nbsp;127 excluded Aboriginals from population counts. The ''[[Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902]]'' categorically denied Aboriginals the right to vote. [[Indigenous Australians]] were not allowed the social security benefits (e.g., aged pensions and maternity allowances) which were provided to others. Aboriginals in rural areas were discriminated against and controlled as to where and how they could marry, work, live, and their movements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au/Documents/auscurric/sampleunit/1967referendum/aboutreferendum.pdf|title=About the 1967 Referendum|date=2012|website=Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority|access-date=7 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418143228/http://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au/Documents/auscurric/sampleunit/1967referendum/aboutreferendum.pdf|archive-date=18 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the U.S., African Americans were dehumanized by being classified as non-human primates. A California police officer who was also involved in the [[Rodney King]] beating described a dispute between an American Black couple as "something right out of ''Gorillas in the Mist''".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ap |date=1991-06-12 |title=Judge Says Remarks on 'Gorillas' May Be Cited in Trial on Beating |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/12/us/judge-says-remarks-on-gorillas-may-be-cited-in-trial-on-beating.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009155016/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/12/us/judge-says-remarks-on-gorillas-may-be-cited-in-trial-on-beating.html |archive-date=2017-10-09 |access-date=2020-08-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[Franz Boas]] and [[Charles Darwin]] hypothesized that there might be an evolutionary process among primates. Monkeys and apes were least evolved, then savage and deformed anthropoids, which referred to people of African ancestry, to Caucasians as most developed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goof |first1=Phillip |last2=Eberhardt |first2=Jennifer |last3=Williams |first3=Melissa |last4=Jackson |first4=Matthew |date=2008 |title=Not yet human: Implicit knowledge, historical dehumanization, and contemporary consequences |url=https://web.stanford.edu/~eberhard/downloads/2008-NotYetHuman.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=292–306 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.94.2.292 |pmid=18211178 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017170652/https://web.stanford.edu/~eberhard/downloads/2008-NotYetHuman.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2016 |access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref>