Editing Desegregation busing (section)

==== After 2007 ====
Civil rights advocates{{who|date=December 2023}} see the 2007 joint ruling on ''[[Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1]]'' and ''Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education'' of the Roberts court as the inevitable consequence of gradual court decisions dating back to the early 1970s to ease judicial supervision and limit important tools to achieve integrated schools. Even those school districts that voluntarily created race-conscious programs are under pressure to abandon these efforts as the white parents are refusing to participate in any pupil assignment programs. In some cases, white parents filed [[reverse discrimination]] lawsuits in court.  Wherever the courts have backed away from mandating school districts to implement desegregation plans, resegregation of Blacks and Latinos has increased dramatically.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Orfield, G. |author2=Lee, C. |name-list-style=amp |title=Historic reversals, accelerating resegregation, and the need for new integration strategies |year=2007 |publisher=Los Angeles: The Civil Rights Project}}</ref> In 1988, 44 percent of southern black students were attending majority-white schools. In 2005, 27 percent of black students were attending majority white schools. By restricting the tools by which schools can address school segregation, many fear that the PICS decision will continue to accelerate this trend.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.brennancenter.org/legal-work/parents-involved-community-schools-v-seattle-school-district-no-1 |title=Brennan Center for Justice}}</ref> The ruling reflects the culmination of the conservatives' central message on education, as alleged by the liberal [[Civil Rights Project]],<ref name="Orfield 2009 4">{{cite book |last=Orfield |first=G |title=Reviving the goal of an integrated society: A 21st century challenge |year=2009 |publisher=Los Angeles: The Civil Rights Project |page=4}}</ref> that "race should be ignored, inequalities should be blamed on individuals and schools, and existing civil rights remedies should be dismantled".<ref name="Orfield 2009 4"/> In 2001 Congress passed the [[No Child Left Behind Act]] (NCLB) which was promptly signed by President [[George W. Bush]]. The law put a premium on student testing, not integration, to measure academic progress. Financial penalties were incurred on schools if students did not demonstrate adequate academic performance. While initially supported by Democrats, critics say the law has failed to adequately address the achievement gap between whites and minorities and that there are problems with implementation and inflexible provisions.<ref name="Jost 345–372">{{cite journal |last=Jost |first=Kenneth |title=School Desegregation |journal=CQ Researcher |date=April 23, 2004 |volume=14 |issue=15 |pages=345–372}}</ref>