Editing Diapause (section)

===Environmental===
Environmental regulators of diapause generally display a characteristic [[season|seasonal pattern]]. In [[temperate]] regions, photoperiod is the most reliable cues of seasonal change.<ref name="Huffaker" /> This informs entry into reproductive diapause for many northern insects, including the fruit fly ''[[Drosophila montana]].''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Salminen|first1=T. S.|last2=Vesala|first2=L.|last3=Hoikkala|first3=A.|date=2012-12-01|title=Photoperiodic regulation of life-history traits before and after eclosion: Egg-to-adult development time, juvenile body mass and reproductive diapause in ''Drosophila montana''|journal=Journal of Insect Physiology|volume=58|issue=12|pages=1541–1547|doi=10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.09.007|pmid=23026647|bibcode=2012JInsP..58.1541S |issn=0022-1910}}</ref> Depending on the season in which diapause occurs, either short or long days can act as token stimuli. Insects may also respond to changing day length as well as relative day length. Temperature may also act as a regulating factor, either by inducing diapause or, more commonly, by modifying the response of the insect to photoperiod.<ref name="Huffaker" /> Insects may respond to thermoperiod, the daily fluctuations of warm and cold that correspond with night and day, as well as to absolute or cumulative temperature. This has been observed in many moth species including the [[Indian mealmoth]], where individuals diapause in different developmental stages due to environmental temperature.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tzanakakis|first=M. E.|date=1959-11-01|title=An ecological study of the Indian-meal mothPlodia interpunctella(Hübner) with emphasis on diapause|journal=Hilgardia|language=en|volume=29|issue=5|pages=205–246|doi=10.3733/hilg.v29n05p205|issn=0073-2230|doi-access=free}}</ref> Food availability and quality may also help regulate diapause. In the [[desert locust]], ''Schistocerca gregaria'', a plant [[hormone]] called [[gibberellin]] stimulates [[reproduction|reproductive]] development.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Ellis |first1= P.E. |last2= Carlisle |first2= D.B. |last3= Osborne |first3= D.J. |year= 1965 |title= Desert locusts: sexual maturation delayed by feeding on senescent vegetation |journal= Science |volume= 149 |issue= 3683 |pages= 546–547 |doi=10.1126/science.149.3683.546 |pmid=17843190|bibcode= 1965Sci...149..546E |s2cid= 34321076 }}</ref> During the dry season, when their food plants are in [[senescence]] and lacking gibberellin, the locusts remain immature and their reproductive tracts do not develop.