Editing Dickcissel (section)

==External links==
* [https://www.xeno-canto.org/species/Spiza-americana Xeno-canto: audio recordings of the dickcissel]
* [http://www.nature.org/animals/birds/animals/dickcissel.html The Nature Conservancy's Grassland Birds: Dickcissel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420093112/http://www.nature.org/animals/birds/animals/dickcissel.html |date=2010-04-20 }}
* [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Dickcissel.html Dickcissel Species Account] – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
* [http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i6040id.html Dickcissel – ''Spiza americana''] – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
* [http://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=Dickcissel&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24 Dickcissel photo gallery] VIREO

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==Further reading==
{{Commons|Spiza americana}}
===Book===

* Fretwell S. (1986). ''Distribution and abundance of the Dickcissel''. In ''Johnston, R F [Editor] Current Ornithology 211–242, 1986''. Plenum Press, 233 Spring Street, New York, New York. Plenum Press, London, England, UK.

===Articles===

* Applegate RD, Flock BE & Horak GJ. (2002). ''Spring burning and grassland area: Effects on Henslow's sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii (Audubon)) and Dickcissel (Spiza americana (Gmelin)) in Eastern Kansas, USA''. Natural Areas Journal. vol '''22''', no 2. pp.&nbsp;160–162.
* Avery ML, Tillman EA & Laukert CC. (2001). ''Evaluation of chemical repellents for reducing crop damage by Dickcissels in Venezuela''. International Journal of Pest Management. vol '''47''', no 4. pp.&nbsp;311–314.
* Bakker KK, Naugle DE & Higgins KF. (2002). ''Incorporating landscape attributes into models for migratory grassland bird conservation''. Conservation Biology. vol '''16''', no 6. pp.&nbsp;1638–1646.
* Basili GD & Temple SA. (1999). ''Dickcissels and crop damage in Venezuela: Defining the problem with ecological models''. Ecological Applications. vol '''9''', no 2. pp.&nbsp;732–739.
* Berkeley LI, McCarty JP & Wolfen-Barger LL. (2004). ''The importance of the post-fledging period to the conservation of Dickcissels (Spiza americana)''. Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting Abstracts. vol '''89''', no 43.
* Best LB, Campa H, III, Kemp KE, Robel RJ, Ryan MR, Savidge JA, Weeks HP Jr. & Winterstein SR. (1997). ''Bird abundance and nesting in CRP fields and cropland in the Midwest: A regional approach''. Wildlife Society Bulletin. vol '''25''', no 4. pp.&nbsp;864–877.
* Bloome C. (1989). ''First Record of Dickcissel Spiza-Americana New-Record in the Sudbury District Ontario Canada''. Ontario Birds. vol '''7''', no 1. pp.&nbsp;31–33.
* Bock CE, Bock JH & Bennett BC. (1995). ''The avifauna of remnant tallgrass prairie near Boulder, Colorado''. Prairie Naturalist. vol '''27''', no 3. pp.&nbsp;147–157.
* Bollinger EK & Maddox JD. (2000). ''A double-brooded dickcissel''. Prairie Naturalist. vol '''32''', no 4. pp.&nbsp;253–255.
* Brauning DW, Brittingham MC, Gross DA, Leberman RC, Master TL & Mulvihill RS. (1994). ''Pennsylvania breeding birds of special concern: A listing rational and status update''. Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science. vol '''68''', no 1. pp.&nbsp;3–28.
* Brennan SP & Schnell GD. (2005). ''Relationship between bird abundances and landscape characteristics: The influence of scale''. Environ Monit Assess. vol '''105''', no 1-3. pp.&nbsp;209–228.
* Bryan GG & Best LB. (1991). ''Bird Abundance and Species Richness in Grassed Waterways in Iowa USA Rowcrop Fields''. American Midland Naturalist. vol '''126''', no 1. pp.&nbsp;90–102.
* Bryan GG & Best LB. (1994). ''Avian nest density and success in grassed waterways in Iowa rowcrop fields''. Wildlife Society Bulletin. vol '''22''', no 4. pp.&nbsp;583–592.
* Bye SL, Robel RJ & Kemp KE. (2001). ''Effects of human presence on vocalizations of grassland birds in Kansas''. Prairie Naturalist. vol '''33''', no 4. pp.&nbsp;249–256.
* Cosens SE & Falls JB. (1984). ''A Comparison of Sound Propagation and Song Frequency in Temperate Marsh and Grassland Habitats''. Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology. vol '''15''', no 3. pp.&nbsp;161–170.
* Delisle JM & Savidge JA. (1997). ''Avian use and vegetation characteristics of conservation reserve program fields''. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol '''61''', no 2. pp.&nbsp;318–325.
* DeVault TL, Scott PE, Bajema RA & Lima SL. (2002). ''Breeding bird communities of reclaimed coal-mine grasslands in the American midwest''. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol '''73''', no 3. pp.&nbsp;268–275.
* Elliott PF. (1978). ''Cowbird Parasitism in the Kansas USA Tall Grass Prairie''. Auk. vol '''95''', no 1. pp.&nbsp;161–167.
* Elliott PF. (1980). ''Evolution of Promiscuity in the Brown-Headed Cowbird Molothrus-Ater''. Condor. vol '''82''', no 2. pp.&nbsp;138–141.
* Finck EJ. (1984). ''Male Dickcissel Behavior in Primary and Secondary Habitats Spiza-Americana''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''96''', no 4. pp.&nbsp;672–680.
* Fletcher RJ Jr., Koford RR & Seaman DA. (2006). ''Critical demographic parameters for declining songbirds breeding in restored grasslands''. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol '''70''', no 1. pp.&nbsp;145–157.
* Fritcher SC, Rumble MA & Flake LD. (2004). ''Grassland bird densities in seral stages of mixed-grass prairie''. J Range Manage. vol '''57''', no 4. pp.&nbsp;351–357.
* Galligan EW, DeVault TL & Lima SL. (2006). ''Nesting success of grassland and savanna birds on reclaimed surface coal mines of the midwestern United States''. Wilson Journal of Ornithology. vol '''118''', no 4. pp.&nbsp;537–546.
* Harmeson JP. (1974). ''BREEDING ECOLOGY OF DICKCISSEL''. Auk. vol '''91''', no 2. pp.&nbsp;348–359.
* Hatch SA. (1983). ''Nestling Growth Relationships of Brown-Headed Cowbirds Molothrus-Ater and Dickcissels Spiza-Americana''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''95''', no 4. pp.&nbsp;669–671.
* Hellack JJ. (1976). ''Phenetic Variation in the Avian Subfamily Cardinalinae''. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History University of Kansas. vol '''57''', pp.&nbsp;1–22.
* Henningsen JC & Best LB. (2005). ''Grassland bird use of riparian filter strips in southeast Iowa''. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol '''69''', no 1. pp.&nbsp;198–210.
* Herkert JR. (1994). ''The effects of habitat fragmentation on midwestern grassland bird communities''. Ecological Applications. vol '''4''', no 3. pp.&nbsp;461–471.
* Herkert JR, Reinking DL, Wiedenfeld DA, Winter M, Zimmerman JL, Jensen WE, Finck EJ, Koford RR, Wolfe DH, Sherrod SK, Jenkins MA, Faaborg J & Robinson SK. (2003). ''Effects of prairie fragmentation on the nest success of breeding birds in the midcontinental United States''. Conservation Biology. vol '''17''', no 2. pp.&nbsp;587–594.
* Hughes JP, Robel RJ, Kemp KE & Zimmerman JL. (1999). ''Effects of habitat on dickcissel abundance and nest success in conservation reserve program fields in Kansas''. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol '''63''', no 2. pp.&nbsp;523–529.
* Hultquist JM & Best LB. (2001). ''Bird use of terraces in Iowa rowcrop fields''. American Midland Naturalist. vol '''145''', no 2. pp.&nbsp;275–287.
* Jensen WE & Cully JF Jr. (2005). ''Density-dependent habitat selection by brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) in tallgrass prairie''. [[Oecologia]]. vol '''142''', no 1. pp.&nbsp;136–149.
* Jensen WE & Cully JF Jr. (2005). ''Geographic variation in brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) parasitism on Dickcissels (Spiza americana) in great plains tallgrass prairie''. Auk. vol '''122''', no 2. pp.&nbsp;648–660.
* Jensen WE & Finck EJ. (2004). ''Edge effects on nesting dickcissels (Spiza americana) in relation to edge type of remnant tallgrass prairie in Kansas''. American Midland Naturalist. vol '''151''', no 1. pp.&nbsp;192–199.
* Johnson DH & Igl LD. (1995). ''Contributions of the conservation reserve program to populations of breeding birds in North Dakota''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''107''', no 4. pp.&nbsp;709–718.
* Kimberly MSW, Brian EW, Joshua JM, Mark RR & Michael WH. (2003). ''Effects of radio-transmitters on fecal glucocorticoid levels in captive Dickcissels''. The Condor. vol '''105''', no 4. p. 805.
* King JW & Savidge JA. (1995). ''Effects of the Conservation Reserve Program on wildlife in southeast Nebraska''. Wildlife Society Bulletin. vol '''23''', no 3. pp.&nbsp;377–385.
* Kobal SN, Payne NF & Ludwig DR. (1998). ''Nestling food habits of 7 grassland bird species and insect abundance in grassland habitats in northern Illinois''. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science. vol '''91''', no 1-2. pp.&nbsp;69–75.
* Larkin RP, Evans WR & Diehl RH. (2002). ''Nocturnal flight calls of Dickcissels and Doppler radar echoes over south Texas in spring''. Journal of Field Ornithology. vol '''73''', no 1. pp.&nbsp;2–8.
* Laubach R. (1984). ''Breeding Birds of Sheeder Prairie Preserve West-Central Iowa USA''. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science. vol '''91''', no 4. pp.&nbsp;152–163.
* Maddox JD & Bollinger EK. (2000). ''Male Dickcissels feed nestlings in east-central Illinois''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''112''', no 1. pp.&nbsp;153–155.
* Manns R. (1990). ''Dickcissel pair in Georgia springtime''. Oriole. vol '''55''', no 2-3. pp.&nbsp;50–51.
* McCoy TD, Ryan MR, Burger LW & Kurzejeski EW. (2001). ''Grassland bird conservation: CP1 vs. CP2 plantings in Conservation Reserve Program fields in Missouri''. American Midland Naturalist. vol '''145''', no 1. pp.&nbsp;1–17.
* McCoy TD, Ryan MR, Kurzejeski EW & Burger LW Jr. (1999). ''Conservation Reserve Program: Source or sink habitat for grassland birds in Missouri?''. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol '''63''', no 2. pp.&nbsp;530–538.
* McNair DB. (1990). ''Review of Proven Probable and Possible Breeding Records of the Dickcissel in Georgia and the Carolinas''. Oriole. vol '''55''', no 1. pp.&nbsp;1–18.
* Miller JR. (1978). ''Notes on Birds of San-Salvador Island Watlings the Bahamas''. Auk. vol '''95''', no 2. pp.&nbsp;281–287.
* Patten MA, Shochat E, Reinking DL, Wolfe DH & Sherrod SK. (2006). ''Habitat edge, land management, and rates of brood parasitism in tallgrass prairie''. Ecological Applications. vol '''16''', no 2. pp.&nbsp;687–695.
* Patterson MP & Best LB. (1996). ''Bird abundance and nesting success in Iowa CRP fields: The importance of vegetation structure and composition''. American Midland Naturalist. vol '''135''', no 1. pp.&nbsp;153–167.
* Payne NF, Kobal SN & Ludwig DR. (1998). ''Perch use by 7 grassland bird species in northern Illinois''. Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science. vol '''91''', no 1-2. pp.&nbsp;77–83.
* Peer BD, Robinson SK & Herkert JR. (2000). ''Egg rejection by cowbird hosts in grasslands''. Auk. vol '''117''', no 4. pp.&nbsp;892–901.
* Powell A. (2006). ''Effects of prescribed burns and bison (Bos Bison) grazing on breeding bird abundances in tallgrass prairie''. Auk. vol '''123''', no 1. pp.&nbsp;183–197.
* Pranty B, Basili GD & Robinson HP. (2002). ''First breeding record of the Dickcissel in Florida''. Florida Field Naturalist. vol '''30''', no 2. pp.&nbsp;36–39.
* Reinking DL. (2005). ''Fire regimes and avian responses in the central tallgrass prairie''. Studies in Avian Biology. vol '''30''', pp.&nbsp;116–126.
* Rivers JW, Althoff DP, Gipson PS & Pontius JS. (2003). ''Evaluation of a reproductive index to estimate dickcissel reproductive success''. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol '''67''', no 1. pp.&nbsp;136–143.
* Robel RJ, Hughes JP, Keane TD & Kemp KE. (2003). ''Do artificial nests reveal meaningful patterns of predation in Kansas grasslands?''. Southwestern Naturalist. vol '''48''', no 3. pp.&nbsp;460–464.
* Scott PE, DeVault TL, Bajema RA & Lima SL. (2002). ''Grassland vegetation and bird abundances on reclaimed midwestern coal mines''. Wildlife Society Bulletin. vol '''30''', no 4. pp.&nbsp;1006–1014.
* Sealy SG. (1976). ''1973 DICKCISSEL INVASION OF SOUTHERN MANITOBA''. Can Field-Nat. vol '''90''', no 4. pp.&nbsp;464–465.
* Smith D. (2006). ''Dickcissel at Mossbank, SK''. Blue Jay. vol '''64''', no 3.
* Swanson DA. (1996). ''Nesting ecology and nesting habitat requirements of Ohio's grassland-nesting birds: A literature review''. Ohio Fish & Wildlife Report. vol '''0''', no 13. pp.&nbsp;3–60.
* Sweeney RJ, Lovette IJ & Harvey EL. (2004). ''Evolutionary variation in feather waxes of passerine birds''. Auk. vol '''121''', no 2. pp.&nbsp;435–445.
* Swengel SR. (1996). ''Management responses of three species of declining sparrows in tallgrass prairie''. Bird Conservation International. vol '''6''', no 3. pp.&nbsp;241–253.
* Swengel SR & Swengel AB. (1999). ''Correlations in abundance of grassland songbirds and prairie butterflies''. Biological Conservation. vol '''90''', no 1. pp.&nbsp;1–11.
* Swengel SR & Swengel AB. (2001). ''Relative effects of litter and management on grassland bird abundance in Missouri, USA''. Bird Conservation International. vol '''11''', no 2. pp.&nbsp;113–128.
* Tamplin JW, Demasters JW, Remsen JV & Jr. (1993). ''Biochemical and morphometric relationships among some members of the Cardinalinae''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''105''', no 1. pp.&nbsp;93–113.
* Twedt DJ, Wilson RR, Henne-Kerr JL & Grosshuesch DA. (2002). ''Avian response to bottomland hardwood reforestation: The first 10 years''. Restoration Ecology. vol '''10''', no 4. pp.&nbsp;645–655.
* Walk JW & Warner RE. (2000). ''Grassland management for the conservation of songbirds in the Midwestern USA''. Biological Conservation. vol '''94''', no 2. pp.&nbsp;165–172.
* Walk JW, Wentworth K, Kershner EL, Bollinger EK & Warner RE. (2004). ''Renesting decisions and annual fecundity of female Dickcissels (Spiza americana) in Illinois''. Auk. vol '''121''', no 4. pp.&nbsp;1250–1261.
* Wells KMS, Washburn BE, Millspaugh JJ, Ryan MR & Hubbard MW. (2003). ''Effects of radio-transmitters on fecal glucocorticoid levels in captive Dickcissels''. Condor. vol '''105''', no 4. pp.&nbsp;805–810.
* Wiens JA & Rotenberry JT. (1980). ''Patterns of Morphology and Ecology in Grassland and Shrub Steppe Bird Populations''. Ecological Monographs. vol '''50''', no 3. pp.&nbsp;287–308.
* Winter M. (1999). ''Nesting biology of Dickcissels and Henslow's Sparrows in southwestern Missouri prairie fragments''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''111''', no 4. pp.&nbsp;515–527.
* Winter M & Faaborg J. (1999). ''Patterns of area sensitivity in grassland-nesting birds''. Conservation Biology. vol '''13''', no 6. pp.&nbsp;1424–1436.
* Winter M, Johnson DH & Faaborg J. (2000). ''Evidence for edge effects on multiple levels in tallgrass prairie''. Condor. vol '''102''', no 2. pp.&nbsp;256–266.
* Zimmerman JL. (1982). ''Nesting Success of Dickcissels Spiza-Americana in Preferred and Less Preferred Habitats''. Auk. vol '''99''', no 2. pp.&nbsp;292–298.
* Zimmerman JL. (1983). ''Cowbird Molothrus-Ater Parasitism of Dickcissels Spiza-Americana in Different Habitats and at Different Nest Densities''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''95''', no 1. pp.&nbsp;7–22.
* Zimmerman JL. (1984). ''Nest Predation and Its Relationship to Habitat and Nest Density in Dickcissels Spiza-Americana''. Condor. vol '''86''', no 1. pp.&nbsp;68–72.
* Zimmerman JL. (1996). ''Comparison of water consumption between two grassland emberizids''. Prairie Naturalist. vol '''27''', no 4. pp.&nbsp;215–221.
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<!-- see the good RangeMap/maps, lists, etc. at: "www.natureserve.org"(then 'InfoNatura')... see for: "passage migrant" areas/(also vagrant) (the Caribbean, etc.)....the bird is also in the extreme southern Canadian Prairies Canada, just barely-->

{{Passeroidea|E.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1210224}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dickcissel}}
[[Category:Cardinalidae]]
[[Category:Native birds of the Canadian Prairies]]
[[Category:Birds of North America]]
[[Category:Birds of the United States]]
[[Category:Native birds of the Plains-Midwest (United States)]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1789]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin]]