Editing Doctor of Science (section)

=== Poland ===
In Poland higher doctorate is ''[[Habilitation]]'' (habilitated doctor, doctor with habilitation) ({{lang|pl|doktor habilitowany}} or {{lang|pl|dr hab.}} in Polish) is the degree higher than PhD and it is awarded for substantial accomplishments in academic teaching, research and service after getting the PhD degree (usually up to 8 years of original research and multiple publications in [[peer review]]ed [[scientific journal]]s and [[monograph]], habilitation [[dissertation]] after PhD). It is similar to habilitation degree in Germany and Austria. It is also similar (in terms of requirements) to associate professor with tenure.

After achieving high degrees and rich research or artistic achievements, including as an [[academic teacher]], [[lecturer]], one can apply to become a [[professor]].

The [[President of Poland]] awards a [[scientist]] also in [[engineering]] ([[engineer]]) or [[artist]] the scientific title of professor ({{lang|pl|tytuł naukowy profesora}}) and the title of professor of art ({{lang|pl|tytuł profesora sztuki}}), respectively, in recognition of their scientific achievements and contributions to [[science]], [[technology]], and respectively their achievements in [[art]] and contributions to art. These titles are not academic/scientific or art degrees. However, possession of high degrees is required to receive the title.
Habilitation has been a mandatory requirement for many years to apply for professorship in Poland.