Editing El Salvador (section)

==== La Matanza ====
{{Main|La Matanza}}
Beginning in January 1932, there was brutal suppression of a rural revolt known as [[La Matanza]]. In the unstable political climate of the previous few years, social activist and revolutionary leader [[Farabundo Martí]] helped found the Communist Party of Central America, and led a communist alternative to the Red Cross, called "[[International Red Aid]]", serving as one of its representatives. Their goal was to help poor and underprivileged Salvadorans through the use of [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] ideology. In December 1930, at the height of the country's economic and social depression, Martí was once again exiled because of his popularity among the nation's poor and rumours of his upcoming nomination for president the following year. Once Araujo was elected president in 1931, Martí returned to El Salvador and, along with Alfonso Luna and Mario Zapata, began the movement that was later truncated by the military.

[[File:José Napoleón Duarte 1987b.jpg|thumb|[[José Napoleón Duarte]]]]

On 22 January 1932, thousands of poorly armed peasants in the western part of El Salvador revolted against 
the government and Martínez.
The rebellion occurred amid widespread unrest over suppression of democratic political freedoms following the cancellation of the results of the&nbsp;1932 legislative election. The rebels were led by&nbsp;[[Feliciano Ama]]&nbsp;and&nbsp;[[Farabundo Martí]] and were largely composed of indigenous people and communists. The rebellion made gains initially, capturing several towns and cities across the western&nbsp;part of the country, killing an estimated 2,000 people. The government suppressed the rebellion brutally, killing between 10,000 and 40,000 people, mostly, [[Pipil people|Pipil]] peasants. Many of the rebellion's leaders, including Ama and Martí, were&nbsp;captured and executed.<ref name=Ching>{{cite journal|last=Ching|first=Erik|title=In Search of the Party: The Communist Party, the Comintern, and the Peasant Rebellion of 1932 in El Salvador|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/615B58195201C855F08807DB851AB74B/S0003161500027553a.pdf/in-search-of-the-party-the-communist-party-the-comintern-and-the-peasant-rebellion-of-1932-in-el-salvador-.pdf|date=October 1998|journal=The Americas|volume=55|issue=2|pages=204–239|publisher=[[Furman University]]|location=[[Greenville, South Carolina]]|access-date=7 January 2022|doi=10.2307/1008053|jstor=1008053|doi-access=free|archive-date=2 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102075904/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/615B58195201C855F08807DB851AB74B/S0003161500027553a.pdf/in-search-of-the-party-the-communist-party-the-comintern-and-the-peasant-rebellion-of-1932-in-el-salvador-.pdf|url-status=live| issn=0003-1615}}</ref><ref name=Lindo-Fuentes>{{cite book|last1=Lindo-Fuentes|first1=Héctor|last2=Ching|first2=Erik|last3=Lara-Martínez|first3=Rafael A.|name-list-style=amp|date=2007|title=Remembering a Massacre in El Salvador: The Insurrection of 1932, Roque Dalton, and the Politics of Historical Memory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AubqWtPHt1kC|pages=28|location=[[Albuquerque, New Mexico]]|publisher=[[University of New Mexico|University of New Mexico Press]]|isbn=978-0-8263-3604-0|access-date=15 July 2022|archive-date=10 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110143807/https://books.google.com/books?id=AubqWtPHt1kC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Beverly>{{cite journal|last1=Beverly|first1=John|date=1982|title=El Salvador|journal=Social Text|publisher=Duke University Press|issue=5|pages=55–72|doi=10.2307/466334|jstor=466334}}</ref>

Historically, the high Salvadoran population density has contributed to tensions with neighbouring [[Honduras]], as land-poor Salvadorans emigrated to less densely populated Honduras and established themselves as squatters on unused or underused land. This phenomenon was a major cause of the [[Football War|1969 Football War]] between the two countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=El Salvador - Demographics |url=http://countrystudies.us/el-salvador/22.htm |website=Country Studies US |publisher=U.S. Library of Congress |access-date=17 March 2020 |archive-date=12 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012083021/http://countrystudies.us/el-salvador/22.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> As many as 130,000 Salvadorans were forcibly expelled or fled from Honduras.<ref>{{cite web |title=El Salvador - MIGRATION |url=http://countrystudies.us/el-salvador/32.htm |website=Country Studies US |publisher=U.S. Library of Congress |access-date=17 March 2020 |archive-date=12 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012075923/http://countrystudies.us/el-salvador/32.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Christian Democratic Party (El Salvador)|Christian Democratic Party]] (PDC) and the [[National Coalition Party (El Salvador)|National Conciliation Party]] (PCN) were active in Salvadoran politics from 1960 until 2011, when they were disbanded by the Supreme Court because they had failed to win enough votes in the 2004 presidential election.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=El Salvador Supreme Court disbands two parties |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-13251247 |work=BBC News |date=30 April 2011 |access-date=2 July 2014 |archive-date=3 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003202110/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-13251247 |url-status=live }}</ref> Both parties have since reconstituted. They share common ideals, but one represents the middle class and the latter the interests of the Salvadoran military.

PDC leader [[José Napoleón Duarte]] was the mayor of San Salvador from 1964 to 1970, winning three elections during the regime of PCN president, [[Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo]], who allowed free elections for mayors and the National Assembly. Duarte later ran for president with a political grouping called the [[National Opposition Union (El Salvador)|National Opposition Union]] (UNO) but was defeated in the 1972 presidential elections. He lost to the ex-minister of interior, Colonel [[Arturo Armando Molina]], in an election that was widely viewed as fraudulent; Molina was declared the winner even though Duarte was said to have received a majority of the votes. Duarte, at some army officers' requests, supported a revolt to protest the election fraud, but was captured, tortured and later exiled. Duarte returned to the country in 1979 to enter politics after working on projects in Venezuela as an engineer.