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Elections in Japan
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=== House of Representatives === The {{Nihongo|[[House of Representatives (Japan)|House of Representatives]]|衆議院|Shūgi-in}} has 465 members, elected for a rarely completed four-year term, 289 members in single-seat [[constituency|constituencies]] and 176 members by [[proportional representation]] in 11 regional "block" constituencies.<ref name=":0" /> [[House of Representatives (Japan)#List of House of Representatives general elections|General elections of members of the House of Representatives]] are usually held before the end of a four-year term as the chamber may be dissolved by the [[Cabinet of Japan|cabinet]] via the [[Emperor of Japan|Emperor]]. Most [[Prime Minister of Japan|prime ministers]] use that option. The only exception in post-war history was the "[[Lockheed Election]]" of 1976 in which the [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]] lost its seat majority for the first time. The single-seat constituencies are decided by [[Plurality electoral system|plurality]], and the proportional seats are handed out in each "block" constituency to party lists proportionally (by the [[D'Hondt method]]) to their share of the vote.<ref>{{Cite web|title=公職選挙法 {{!}} e-Gov法令検索|url=https://elaws.e-gov.go.jp/document?lawid=325AC1000000100|access-date=2021-08-09|website=elaws.e-gov.go.jp}}</ref> Each voter votes twice, once for a candidate in the local constituency, and once for a [[List of political parties in Japan|party]] in the regional "block" constituency. In a [[parallel voting|parallel system]], there is no link between votes in one tier and seat numbers in the other; but so-called {{Nihongo|dual candidacies|重複立候補|chōfuku rikkōho}} of one candidate in both tiers simultaneously are allowed. If such dual candidates lose in the majoritarian tier, they still have a chance to be elected in the proportional block. Parties may also place dual district and block candidates on the same list rank; in that case, the {{Nihongo3|ratio of margin of defeat|惜敗率|[[Sekihairitsu]]}} system determines the order of candidates.
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