Editing Erzya language (section)

=== Verbs ===
Erzya verbs are inflected for tense and mood, and are further conjugated for person of subject and object.<ref name="Saarinen" /><ref name="Zaicz" /> Traditionally, three stem types are distinguished: ''a''-stems, ''o''-stems and ''e''-stems. ''A''-stems always retain the stem vowel ''a'' in the non-third-person present-tense forms, and in the third-person first past-tense forms (e.g. {{transliteration|myv|pal'''a'''-ś}} "kissed"). With many ''o''-stems and ''e''-stems, the stem vowel is dropped in these forms (e.g. ''o''-stem {{transliteration|myv|van-ś}} "watched", ''e''-stem {{transliteration|myv|ńiĺ-ś}} "swallowed"), but there also ''o''- and ''e''-stem verbs which retain the vowel ({{transliteration|myv|ud'''o'''-ś}} "slept", {{transliteration|myv|pid́'''e'''-ś}} "cooked"). Rueter (2010) therefore divides verb stems into vowel-retaining stems and vowel-dropping stems.<ref name="Rueter" />

In indicative mood, three tenses are distinguished: present/future, first past, second (=habitual) past.

{| class="wikitable"
|+indicative mood
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" |
! colspan="3" | present/future tense
! colspan="2" | first past tense
! colspan="2" | second past tense
|-
! ''a''-stem
! ''o''-stem
! ''e''-stem
! ''a''-stem
! ''e''-stem
! ''e''-stem
|-
! {{nobold|'sing'}}
! {{nobold|'watch'}}
! {{nobold|'swallow'}}
! {{nobold|'know'}}
! {{nobold|'say'}}
! {{nobold|'see'}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |1st<br>person
! singular
| мора-н<br/>''mora-n''
| ван-ан<br/>''van-an''
| пил-ян<br/>''piĺ-an''
| сод-ы-нь<br/>''sod-i-ń''
| мер-и-нь<br/>''meŕ-i-ń''
| неи-линь<br/>''ńej-i-ĺiń''
|-
! plural
| мора-тано<br/>''mora-tano''
| ван-тано<br/>''van-tano''
| пиль-тяно<br/>''piĺ-t́ano''
| сод-ы-нек<br/>''sod-i-ńek''
| мер-и-нек<br/>''meŕ-i-ńek''
| неи-линек<br/>''ńej-i-ĺińek''
|-
! rowspan="2" |2nd<br>person
! singular
| мора-т<br/>''mora-t''
| ван-ат<br/>''van-at''
| пил-ят<br/>''piĺ-at''
| сод-ы-ть<br/>''sod-i-t́''
| мер-и-ть<br/>''meŕ-i-t́''
| неи-лить<br/>''ńej-i-ĺit́''
|-
! plural
| мора-тадо<br/>''mora-tado''
| ван-тадо<br/>''van-tado''
| пиль-тядо<br/>''piĺ-t́ado''
| сод-ы-де<br/>''sod-i-d́e''
| мер-и-де<br/>''meŕ-i-d́e''
| неи-лиде<br/>''ńej-i-ĺid́e''
|-
! rowspan="2" |3rd<br>person
! singular
| мор-ы<br/>''mor-i''
| ван-ы<br/>''van-i''
| пил-и<br/>''piĺ-i''
| содa-сь<br/>''soda-ś''
| мер-сь<br/>''meŕ-ś''
| неи-ль<br/>''ńej-i-ĺ''
|-
! plural
| мор-ыть<br/>''mor-it́''
| ван-ыть<br/>''van-it́''
| пил-ить<br/>''piĺ-it́''
| содa-сть<br/>''soda-śt́''
| мер-сть<br/>''meŕ-śt́''
| неи-льть<br/>''ńej-i-ĺt́''
|-
! rowspan="2" |infinitive
! first
| мора-мс<br/>''mora-ms''
| вано-мс<br/>''vano-ms''
| пиле-мс<br/>''piĺe-ms''
| сода-мс<br/>''soda-ms''
| мере-мс<br/>''meŕe-ms''
| нее-мс<br/>''ńeje-ms''
|-
! second
|мора-мо<br />''mora-mo''
|вано-мо<br />''vano-mo''
|пиле-ме<br />''piĺe-me''
|сода-мо<br />''soda-mo''
|мере-ме<br />''meŕe-me''
|нее-ме<br />''ńeje-me''
|}

The third-person singular form in the present tense is also used as present participle. The second past tense is formed by adding the past-tense copula {{transliteration|myv|-ĺ}} to the present participle.

The other mood categories are:
*conditional ({{transliteration|myv|-ińd́eŕa}} + present suffixes)
*conjunctive ({{transliteration|myv|-v}}(V){{transliteration|myv|ĺ}} + past suffixes)
*conditional-conjunctive ({{transliteration|myv|-ińd́eŕa-v}}(V){{transliteration|myv|ĺ}} + past suffixes)
*desiderative ({{transliteration|myv|-ikseĺ}} + past suffixes)
*optative ({{transliteration|myv|zo}} + present suffixes)
*imperative ({{transliteration|myv|-k/-do}})

{| class="wikitable"
|+other mood categories
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|
! conditional
! conjunctive
! conditional-conjunctive
! desiderative
|-
! {{nobold|'eat'}}
! {{nobold|'win'}}
! {{nobold|'be'}}
! {{nobold|'sow'}}
|-
!rowspan=2|1st<br>person
! singular
| ярс-ындеря-н<br/>''jars-ińd́eŕa-n''
| изня-влинь<br/>''iźńa-vĺiń''
| ул-индеря-влинь<br/>''uĺ-ińd́eŕa-vĺiń''
| вид-иксэлинь<br/>''vid́-ikseĺiń''
|-
! plural
| ярс-ындеря-тано<br/>''jars-ińd́eŕa-tano''
| изня-влинек<br/>''iźńa-vĺińek''
| ул-индеря-влинек<br/>''uĺ-ińd́eŕa-vĺińek''
| вид-иксэлинек<br/>''vid́-ikseĺińek''
|-
!rowspan=2|2nd<br>person
! singular
| ярс-ындеря-т<br/>''jars-ińd́eŕa-t''
| изня-влить<br/>''iźńa-vĺit́''
| ул-индеря-влить<br/>''uĺ-ińd́eŕa-vĺit́''
| вид-иксэлить<br/>''vid́-ikseĺit́''
|-
! plural
| ярс-ындеря-тадо<br/>''jars-ińd́eŕa-tado''
| изня-влиде<br/>''iźńa-vĺid́e''
| ул-индеря-влиде<br/>''uĺ-ińd́eŕa-vĺid́e''
| вид-иксэлиде<br/>''vid́-ikseĺid́e''
|-
!rowspan=2|3rd<br>person
! singular
| ярс-ындеря-й<br/>''jars-ińd́eŕa-j''
| изня-воль<br/>''iźńa-voĺ''
| ул-индеря-воль<br/>''uĺ-ińd́eŕa-voĺ''
| вид-иксэль<br/>''vid́-ikseĺ''
|-
! plural
| ярс-ындеря-йть<br/>''jars-ińd́eŕa-jt́''
| изня-вольть<br/>''iźńa-voĺt́''
| ул-индеря-вольть<br/>''uĺ-ińd́eŕa-voĺt́''
| вид-иксэльть<br/>''vid́-ikseĺt́''
|-
!rowspan=2|infinitive
! first
| ярса-мс<br/>''jarsa-ms''
| изня-мс<br/>''iźńa-ms''
| уле-мс<br />''uĺe-ms''
| виде-мс<br />''vid́e-ms''
|-
! second
| ярса-мо<br />''jarsa-mo''
| изня-мо<br />''iźńa-mo''
| уле-ме<br />''uĺe-me''
| виде-ме<br />''vid́e-me''
|}