Editing Fast mapping (section)

== In the deaf population ==
A study by Lederberg et al., was performed to determine if deaf and hard of hearing children fast map to learn novel words. In the study, when the novel word was introduced, the word was both spoken and signed. Then the children were asked to identify the referent object and even extend the novel word to identify a similar object. The results of the study indicated that deaf and hard of hearing children do perform fast mapping to learn novel words. However, compared to children with normal hearing (aging toddlers to 5 years old) the deaf and hard of hearing children did not fast map as accurately and successfully. The results showed a slight delay which disappeared as the children were a maximum of 5 years old. The conclusion that was drawn from the study is that the ability to fast map has a relationship to the size of the lexicon. The children with normal hearing had a larger lexicon and therefore were able to more accurately fast map compared to deaf and hard of hearing children who did not have as large of a lexicon. It is by around age 5 that deaf and hard of hearing children have a similar size lexicon to 5-year-old children of normal hearing. This evidence supports the idea that fast mapping requires inductive reasoning so the larger the lexicon (number of known words) the easier it is for the child to reason out the accurate meaning for the novel word.<ref>{{cite book|author1=M. Diane Clark|author2=Marc Marschark|author3=Michael A. Karchmer|year=2001|title=Context, Cognition, and Deafness|url=https://archive.org/details/contextcognition00clar|url-access=limited|pages=[https://archive.org/details/contextcognition00clar/page/n117 103]–107|publisher=Gallaudet University Press|isbn=9781563681059}}</ref>

In the area of cochlear implants (CIs), there are variegated opinions on whether cochlear implants impact a child's ability to become a more successful fast mapper.  In 2000, a study by Kirk, Myomoto, and others determined that there was a general correlation between the age of Cochlear Implant implementation and improved lexical skills (e.g. fast mapping and other vocabulary growth skills). They believed that children given implants prior to two years of age yielded higher success rates than older children between five and seven years of age.  With that said, researchers at the University of Iowa wish to amend that very generalization.  In 2013, "Word Learning Processes in Children with Cochlear Implants" by Elizabeth Walker and others indicated that although there may be some levels of increased vocabulary acquisition in CI individuals, many post-implantees generally were slower developers of his/her own lexicon.  Walker bases her claims on another research study in 2007 (Tomblin et al.)  One of the purposes of this study was to note a CI child's ability to comprehend and retain novel words with related referents.  When compared with non-deaf children, the CI children had lower success scores in retention.  This finding was based on scorings obtained from their test: from 0 to 6 (0 the worst, 6 the best), CI children averaged a score around a 2.0 whereas non-deaf children scored higher (roughly 3.86).<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Walker, Elizabeth|author2=McGregor, Karla|author3=Bacon, Sid|author4=Tobey, Emily|title=Word Learning Processes in Children with Cochlear Implants|journal=Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research|volume=56|issue=2|pages=375–87|year=2013|pmid=22896047|doi=10.1044/1092-4388(2012/11-0343)|pmc=3578980 |url=https://iro.uiowa.edu/esploro/outputs/doctoral/Word-learning-processes-in-children-with/9983776743902771}}</ref>