Editing Fermilab (section)

===On-site program in the 2020s===
The on-site program in the 2020s is largely focused on the ''Intensity Frontier'' of particle physics, especially neutrino physics and rare physics searches using muons.   A program exploring nucleon structure is also continuing.

====List of recent past, ongoing, and planned experiments running on-site====
* [[ANNIE]]: The Accelerator Neutrino Neutron Interaction Experiment <ref>{{cite web |title=ANNIE |url=https://annie.fnal.gov/ |website=Fermilab |publisher=Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory |access-date=July 2, 2023}}</ref> (Status, June 2023:  completed run, planned future run)
* [[Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment]] (DUNE), formerly known as Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE)<ref>{{cite web |title=LBNF/DUNE: An international flagship neutrino experiment |url=https://www.fnal.gov/pub/science/lbnf-dune/index.html |website=Fermilab |access-date=June 7, 2019}}</ref>  (Status, June 2023:  planned future run)
* [[ICARUS experiment]]: Originally located at the [[Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso]] (LNGS) and moved to Fermilab. <ref>{{cite web |title=ICARUS |url=https://icarus.fnal.gov/ |website=Fermilab |publisher=Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory |access-date=July 2, 2023}}</ref>  (Status, June 2023: running)
* [[MiniBooNE]]: Mini Booster Neutrino Experiment<ref>{{cite web |title=Intensity Frontier {{!}} MiniBooNE |url=https://www.fnal.gov/pub/science/experiments/intensity/miniboone.html |website=Fermilab |access-date=June 7, 2019}}</ref> (Status, June 2023:  completed run)
* [[MicroBooNE]]: Micro Booster Neutrino Experiment<ref>{{cite web |title=MicroBooNE Collaboration |url=https://microboone.fnal.gov/collaboration/ |website=Fermilab |access-date=June 7, 2019}}</ref> (Status, June 2023:  completed run)
* [[MINERνA]]: Main INjector ExpeRiment with νs on As<ref>{{cite web |title=MINERvA: Bringing neutrinos into sharp focus |url=https://minerva.fnal.gov/ |website=Fermilab |access-date=June 7, 2019}}</ref>  (Status, June 2023:  completed run)
* [[Mu2e]]: Muon-to-Electron Conversion Experiment<ref>{{cite web |title=Mu2e: muon-to-electron-conversion experiment |url=https://mu2e.fnal.gov/ |website=Mu2e Fermilab |access-date=June 7, 2019}}</ref> (Status, June 2023:  planned future run)
* [[Muon g−2]]: Measurement of the [[anomalous magnetic dipole moment]] of the [[muon]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Muon g-2 Experiment |url=http://muon-g-2.fnal.gov/ |website=Muon-g-2 Fermilab |access-date=June 7, 2019}}</ref> (Status, June 2023:  completed run)
* [[NOνA]]: NuMI Off-axis ν<sub>e</sub> Appearance<ref>{{cite web |title=NOvA Experiment |url=https://novaexperiment.fnal.gov/ |website=NOvA Experiment Fermilab |access-date=June 7, 2019}}</ref> (Status, June 2023:  running)
* [[Fermilab E-906/SeaQuest|SeaQuest]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Argonne Physics Division - E-906/SeaQuest |url=https://www.phy.anl.gov/mep/drell-yan/index.html |website=www.phy.anl.gov |access-date=June 7, 2019}}</ref> (Status, June 2023:  completed run)
* SBND: Short-Baseline Neutrino Detector<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Machado |first1=Pedro |title=The Short-Baseline Neutrino Program at Fermilab |journal=Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science |year=2019 |volume=69 |pages=363–387 |doi=10.1146/annurev-nucl-101917-020949 |arxiv=1903.04608|bibcode=2019ARNPS..69..363M |s2cid=119088967 }}</ref> (Status, June 2023: planned future run)
* SpinQuest <ref>{{cite web |title=SpinQuest |url=https://spinquest.fnal.gov/ |website=Fermilab |publisher=Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory |access-date=July 2, 2023}}</ref> (Status, June 2023:  planned future run)

====LBNF/DUNE====
Fermilab strives to become the world leader in [[neutrino]] physics through the [[Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment]] at the [[Long Baseline Neutrino Facility]]. Other leaders are [[CERN]], which leads in [[Accelerator physics]] with the [[Large Hadron Collider]] (LHC), and Japan, which has been approved to build and lead the [[International Linear Collider]] (ILC). Fermilab will be the site of LBNF's future beamline, and the [[Sanford Underground Research Facility]] (SURF), in Lead, SD, is the site selected to house the massive far detector. The term "baseline" refers to the distance between the neutrino source and the detector. The far detector current design is for four modules of instrumented liquid argon with a fiducial volume of 10 kilotons each.

According to the 2016 Conceptual Design Report, the first two modules were expected to be complete in 2024, with the beam operational in 2026. The final modules were planned to be operational in 2027.<ref>{{cite arXiv |eprint=1601.05471 |display-authors=etal |last1=Acciarri |first1=R. |title=Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) and Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) Conceptual Design Report Volume 1: The LBNF and DUNE Projects |class=physics.ins-det |year=2016}}</ref> In 2022, the cost for two far detector modules and the beam, alone, had risen to $3B. This led to a decision by the Department of Energy Office of Science to phase the experiment.<ref name=aaasmar22/> Phase I would consist of two modules, to be completed in 2028–29, and the beamline, to be completed in 2032. The installation of phase II, the remaining two far detector modules, is not yet planned and will be at a cost above the $3B estimate for phase I.<ref name=aaasmar22/>

A large prototype detector constructed at CERN took data with a test beam from 2018 to 2020. The results show that ProtoDUNE performed with greater than 99% efficiency.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abi, B |display-authors=etal |title=First results on ProtoDUNE-SP liquid argon time projection chamber performance from a beam test at the CERN Neutrino Platform |journal=Journal of Instrumentation |date=December 3, 2020 |volume=15 |issue=12 |pages=12004 |doi=10.1088/1748-0221/15/12/P12004 |arxiv=2007.06722 |bibcode=2020JInst..15P2004A |doi-access=free}}</ref>

LBNF/DUNE program in neutrino physics plans to measure fundamental physical parameters with high precision and to explore physics beyond the [[Standard Model]]. The measurements DUNE will make are expected to greatly increase the physics community's understanding of neutrinos and their role in the universe, thereby better elucidating the nature of matter and anti-matter. It will send the world's highest-intensity neutrino beam to a near detector on the Fermilab site and the far detector 800 miles (1300&nbsp;km) away at SURF.

====About other neutrino experiments====
The MiniBooNE detector was a {{convert|40|ft|m|adj=on}} diameter sphere containing 800 tons of mineral oil lined with 1,520 [[photomultiplier|phototube detectors]]. An estimated 1 million neutrino events were recorded each year.  SciBooNE sat in the same [[Accelerator neutrino|neutrino beam]] as MiniBooNE but had fine-grained tracking capabilities. The NOνA experiment uses, and the MINOS experiment used, Fermilab's [[NuMI]] (Neutrinos at the Main Injector) beam, which is an intense beam of neutrinos that travels {{convert|455|mi|km}} through the Earth to the [[Soudan Mine]] in [[Minnesota]] and the Ash River, Minnesota, site of the NOνA far detector. In 2017, the [[ICARUS experiment|ICARUS neutrino experiment]] was moved from [[CERN]] to Fermilab.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.fnal.gov/2015/04/icarus-neutrino-experiment-to-move-to-fermilab/|title=ICARUS neutrino experiment to move to Fermilab|date=April 22, 2015}}</ref><ref name="symmertry">{{cite web|url=https://www.symmetrymagazine.org/article/icarus-prepares-to-chase-a-fourth-neutrino|title=ICARUS prepares to chase a fourth neutrino|first=Catherine N.|last=Steffel|date=March 2, 2020|access-date=March 3, 2020|publisher=symmetrymagazine.org}}</ref>

====Muon g−2====
{{main|Muon g−2}}

[[Muon g−2]]: (pronounced "gee minus two") is a [[particle physics]] experiment to measure the anomaly of the magnetic moment of a muon to a precision of 0.14&nbsp;[[Parts per million|ppm]], which will be a sensitive test of the [[Standard Model]].

[[File:Muon g-2 building at Fermilab.jpg|thumb|[[Muon g-2|Muon g−2]] building (white and orange) which hosts the magnet]]
Fermilab is continuing an experiment conducted at [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]] to measure the [[anomalous magnetic dipole moment]] of the [[muon]].

The magnetic dipole moment (''g'') of a charged lepton ([[electron]], muon, or [[tau (particle)|tau]]) is very nearly 2. The difference from 2 (the "anomalous" part) depends on the lepton, and can be computed quite exactly based on the current [[Standard Model of particle physics]]. Measurements of the electron are in excellent agreement with this computation. The Brookhaven experiment did this measurement for muons, a much more technically difficult measurement due to their short lifetime, and detected a tantalizing, but not definitive, [[statistical significance|3&nbsp;''σ'' discrepancy]] between the measured value and the computed one.

The Brookhaven experiment ended in 2001, but 10&nbsp;years later Fermilab acquired the equipment,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Physics Phoenix: Plotting the Journey of Muon&nbsp;g–2 |url=https://www.bnl.gov/newsroom/news.php?a=22567 |first=Emily |last=Ruppel |date=September 30, 2011 |publisher=Brookhaven National Laboratory |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208044744/https://www.bnl.gov/newsroom/news.php?a=22567 |archive-date=December 8, 2015 }}</ref> and is working to make a more accurate measurement (smaller&nbsp;''σ'') which will either eliminate the discrepancy or, hopefully, confirm it as an experimentally observable example of [[physics beyond the Standard Model]].

[[File:Photo of the Week- An Incredible Journey -- Transporting a 600-ton Magnet (9324124048).jpg|thumb|Transportation of the 600&nbsp;ton magnet to Fermilab]]

Central to the experiment is a 50&nbsp;foot-diameter [[superconducting magnet]] with an exceptionally uniform magnetic field. This was transported, in one piece, from Brookhaven in [[Long Island]], New York, to Fermilab in the summer of 2013.  The move traversed 3,200&nbsp;miles over 35&nbsp;days, mostly on a barge down the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]] and up the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]].

The magnet was refurbished and powered on in September&nbsp;2015,<ref>{{Cite news |journal=Aurora Beacon-News |via=Chicago Tribune |title=Fermilab brings super magnet to life after 10&nbsp;years |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/aurora-beacon-news/news/ct-abn-fermilab-st-0928-20150925-story.html |first=Steve |last=Lord |date=September 26, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208095422/http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/aurora-beacon-news/news/ct-abn-fermilab-st-0928-20150925-story.html |archive-date=December 8, 2015 }}</ref> and has been confirmed to have the same {{val|1300|ul=ppm}} (0.13%) [[peak-to-peak|p-p]] basic magnetic field uniformity that it had before the move.<ref name=2015-10-26>{{Cite report |url=https://www.fnal.gov/directorate/program_planning/all_experimenters_meetings/special_reports/Kiburg-g-2-AEM-10-26-15.pdf |title=G-2 Report |date=October 26, 2015 |first=Brendan |last=Kiburg |access-date=December 5, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208080946/https://www.fnal.gov/directorate/program_planning/all_experimenters_meetings/special_reports/Kiburg-g-2-AEM-10-26-15.pdf |archive-date=December 8, 2015}}</ref>{{Rp|4}}

The project worked on [[shim (magnetism)|shim]]ming the magnet to improve its magnetic field uniformity.<ref name=2015-10-26/> This had been done at Brookhaven,<ref>{{Cite conference |chapter-url=http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/p99/PAPERS/THP91.PDF |chapter=Magnetic Field shimming, Measurement and Control for the BNL Muon (g-2) Experiment |first=S.I. |last=Redin |title=Proceedings of the 1999 Particle Accelerator Conference (Cat. No.99CH36366) |conference=1999 Particle Accelerator Conference |location=New York |year=1999 |volume=5 |pages=3167–3169 |doi=10.1109/PAC.1999.792238 |isbn=0-7803-5573-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20151207084923/http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/p99/PAPERS/THP91.PDF |archive-date=December 7, 2015 }}</ref> but was disturbed by the move and had to be re-done at Fermilab.

In 2018, the experiment started taking data at Fermilab.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Martin |first1=Bruno |title=Fermilab's Muon g-2 experiment officially starts up |url=https://news.fnal.gov/2018/02/fermilabs-muon-g-2-experiment-officially-starts-up/ |website=Fermilab |date=February 6, 2018 |publisher=United States Government |access-date=February 25, 2021}}</ref> In 2021, the laboratory reported that results from initial study involving the particle challenged the [[Standard Model]], with the potential for discovery of new forces and particles.<ref name="NYT-20210407">{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |authorlink=Dennis Overbye |title=Finding From Particle Research Could Break Known Laws of Physics - It's not the next Higgs boson — yet. But the best explanation, physicists say, involves forms of matter and energy not currently known to science. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/07/science/particle-physics-muon-fermilab-brookhaven.html |date=April 7, 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=April 7, 2021 }}</ref><ref name="FL-20210407">{{cite news |last=Marc |first=Tracy |title=First results from Fermilab's Muon g-2 experiment strengthen evidence of new physics |url=https://news.fnal.gov/2021/04/first-results-from-fermilabs-muon-g-2-experiment-strengthen-evidence-of-new-physics/ |date=April 7, 2021 |work=Fermilab |accessdate=April 7, 2021 }}</ref>

In August 2023, the Fermilab group said they may be getting closer to proving the existence of a new force of nature. They have found more evidence that sub-atomic particles, called muons, are not behaving in the way predicted by the current theory of sub-atomic physics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 10, 2023 |title=Scientists at Fermilab close in on fifth force of nature |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-66407099 |access-date=August 11, 2023}}</ref>