Editing Figure skating jumps (section)

==Rules and regulations==
===Single skating===
The [[International Skating Union]] defines a jump element for both [[single skating]] and [[pair skating]] disciplines as "an individual jump, a jump combination or a jump sequence".<ref name="TechRules 2022"/>{{rp|Rule 610}} Jumps are not allowed in [[ice dance]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Samuels |first1=Robert |date=18 February 2018 |title=Ice Dancing is More than pairs Figure Skating Without Jumps |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/sports/wp/2018/02/18/ice-dancing-is-more-than-pairs-figure-skating-without-jumps/ |access-date=21 July 2022 |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224024438/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/sports/wp/2018/02/18/ice-dancing-is-more-than-pairs-figure-skating-without-jumps/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Also according to the ISU, jumps must have the following characteristics to earn the most points: they must have "very good height and very good length";<ref name="ISU 2258"/> they must be executed effortlessly, including the rhythm demonstrated during jump combinations; and they must have good takeoffs and landings. The following are not required, but also taken into consideration: there must be steps executed before the beginning of the jump, or it must have either a creative or unexpected entry; the jump must match the music; and the skater must have, from the jump's takeoff to its landing, a "very good body position".<ref name="ISU 2258"/> 

A jump sequence consists of "two or three jumps of any number of revolutions, in which the second and/or the third jump is an Axel type jump with a direct step from the landing curve of the first/second jump in to the take-off curve of the Axel jump".<ref name="ISU 2258"/> The free foot can touch the ice, but there must be no weight transfer on it and if the skater makes one full revolution between the jumps, the element continues to be deemed a jump sequence and receives their full value.<ref name="ISU 2258"/> Prior to the 2022-23 rule changes, the skater received only 80% of the base value of the jumps executed in a jump sequence.<ref name="Coach Aimée Skating Academy - Learn to Ice Skate - PSA Excellence on Ice Awarded Program 2007 c708">{{cite web | title=What You Need to Know About the New Rules | website=Coach Aimée Skating Academy - Learn to Ice Skate - PSA Excellence on Ice Awarded Program | date=26 February 2007 | url=https://skatewithaimee.com/blog/f/figure-skating-jumps---what-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-rules | access-date=12 October 2023 | archive-date=22 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022180524/https://skatewithaimee.com/blog/f/figure-skating-jumps---what-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-rules | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NewRules 2018">{{cite web | title=New Season New Rules – International Figure Skating | website=International Figure Skating | date=2018-09-19 | url=https://www.ifsmagazine.com/new-season-new-rules/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024192242/https://www.ifsmagazine.com/new-season-new-rules/ | archive-date=2018-10-24 | url-status=dead | access-date=2023-10-15}}</ref> Both a jump combination and jump sequence can "consist of the same or another single, double, triple or quadruple jump". In their free skating programs, skaters can include up to three jump combinations in their free skating programs; one jump combination or jump sequence can include up to three jumps, while the other two can include up to two jumps each.<ref name="TechRules 2022"/>{{rp|Rule 612}}
[[File:2019 Russian Figure Skating Championships Alina Zagitova 2018-12-21 15-02-30 (2).jpg|left|thumb|Russian figure skater [[Alina Zagitova]], namesake of the "Zagitova Rule", in 2019]]

All jumps are considered in the order they are completed. If an extra jump or jumps are executed, the extra jump(s) not in accordance with requirements will have no value.<ref name="TechRules 2022">{{cite web | title=Special Regulations & Technical Rules Single & Pair Skating & Ice Dance 2022 | last1=ISW | date=14 September 2022 | url=https://www.isu.org/inside-isu/rules-regulations/isu-statutes-constitution-regulations-technical/special-regulations-and-technical-rules/29500-single-pair-and-ice-dance-2022/file | access-date=2023-09-28 | archive-date=28 September 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928004710/https://www.isu.org/inside-isu/rules-regulations/isu-statutes-constitution-regulations-technical/special-regulations-and-technical-rules/29500-single-pair-and-ice-dance-2022/file}}</ref>{{rp|Rule 612}} The limitation on the number of jumps skaters can perform in their programs, called the [[Glossary_of_figure_skating_terms#Z|"Zayak Rule"]] after American skater [[Elaine Zayak]], has been in effect since 1983, after Zayak performed six triple jumps, four toe loop jumps, and two Salchows in her free skating program at the [[1982 World Figure Skating Championships|1982 World Championships]].{{Snf|Hines|2006|p=xxvii}}{{Snf|Kestnbaum|2003|p=96}} Writer Ellyn Kestnbaum says the ISU established the rule "in order to encourage variety and balance rather than allowing a skater to rack up credit for demonstrating the same skill over and over".{{Snf|Kestnbaum|2003|p=96}} Kestnbaum also says that as rotations in jumps for both men and women have increased skaters have increased the difficulty of jumps by adding more difficult combinations and by adding difficult steps immediately before or after their jumps, resulting in "integrating the jumps more seamlessly into the flow of the program".{{Snf|Kestnbaum|2003|p=99}}

In the Short Program and Free Skating of Single Skating the Base Values (but not the GOEs) for jump Elements started in the second half of the program will be multiplied by a special factor 1.1 in order to give credit for even distribution of difficulties in the program. However, only the last jump element executed in the second half counts for the 1.1 factor in the Short Program, and the last three jump elements for Free Skating.<ref name="TechRules 2022"/>{{rp|Rule 353(h)}} ''International Figure Skating'' magazine called this regulation the "Zagitova Rule", named for [[Alina Zagitova]] from Russia, who won the gold medal at the [[2018 Winter Olympics]] by "backloading" her free skating program, or placing all her jumps in the second half of the program in order to take advantage of the rule in place at the time that awarded a ten percent bonus to jumps performed during the second half of the program.<ref name="NewRules 2018"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Germano |first1=Sara |date=21 February 2018 |title=In Figure Skating, Russia's (Perfectly Legal) Secret Sauce |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-figure-skating-russias-perfectly-legal-secret-sauce-1519212413 |access-date=21 July 2022 |archive-date=25 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725035000/https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-figure-skating-russias-perfectly-legal-secret-sauce-1519212413 |url-status=live }}</ref> Also starting in 2018, single skaters could repeat the same two triple or quadruple jumps only in their free skating programs. They could repeat four-revolutions jumps only once, and the base value of the triple Axel and quadruple jumps were "reduced dramatically".<ref name="NewRules 2018"/> As of 2022, jump sequences consisted of two or three jumps, but the second or third jump had to be an Axel. Jump sequences began to be counted for their full value and skaters could include single jumps in their step sequences as choreographic elements without incurring a penalty.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 2022 |title=New Rules for New Development in Figure Skating |publisher=International Skating Union |publication-place=Lausanne, Switzerland |url=https://www.isu.org/figure-skating/news/news-fsk/14236-new-rules-for-new-development-in-figure-skating?highlight=WyJuZXciLCInbmV3IiwiJ25ldyciLCJydWxlcyIsIm5ldyBydWxlcyJd&templateParam=15 |access-date=13 December 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Junior men and women single skaters are not allowed to perform quadruple jumps in their short programs.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Russell |first1=Susan D. |title=Talent and Tenacity: Next Gen Makes History on the Junior Grand Prix Circuit |work=International Figure Skating |date=December 2019 |page=23}}</ref> Senior and junior men and senior women must complete either a double or triple Axel jump in their short programs, but junior women must complete a double axel.{{r|ISU Media Guide 23-24|p=10}} Male and female junior and senior skaters must include a "maximum of seven jump elements (one of which must be an Axel type jump)" in their free skating programs.{{r|ISU Media Guide 23-24|p=10-11}} Both junior and senior skaters receive no points for jumps performed during their short programs that do not satisfy the requirements, including completing the wrong number of revolutions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2020 |title=Communication No. 2334 |url=https://www.isu.org/inside-isu/isu-communications/communications/24665-isu-communication-2334/file |access-date=21 July 2022 |publisher=International Skating Union |page=3 |archive-date=29 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629131425/https://www.isu.org/inside-isu/isu-communications/communications/24665-isu-communication-2334/file |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Pair skating===
{{Main|Pair skating#Solo jumps and throw jumps}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1983-0329-027, Barbara Underhill, Paul Martini.jpg|thumb|Canadian pair skaters [[Barbara Underhill]] and [[Paul Martini]] performing a throw jump in 1983]]

Pair teams, both juniors and seniors, must perform one solo jump during their short programs; it can include a double Lutz or double Axel for juniors, or any kind of double or triple jump for seniors.{{r|Tech Panel Handbook Pairs 23-24|p=15}} In the free skating program, for both juniors and seniors, skaters are limited to a maximum of one jump combination or sequence.<ref name="TechRules 2022"/>{{rp|Rule 621}} A jump sequence consists of two or three jumps of any number of revolutions, in which the second and/or the third jump is an Axel type jump. Jumps during the short program which do not satisfy the requirements (including the wrong number of revolutions) will have no value.{{r|Tech Panel Handbook Pairs 23-24|p=15}} In the Free Skate, in case of unequal number of revolutions of partners in a jump performed as a solo jump or part of a combo or a sequence, this jump will be called as a jump with the lesser number of revolutions executed by the partners. The Judges will reflect the mistake in their GOE.{{r|Tech Panel Handbook Pairs 23-24|p=17}} In the Free Skate, all jumps executed with more than 2 revolutions (double Axel and all triple and quadruple jumps) must be of a different nature (different name); however the jump combination or sequence can include two same such jumps.{{r|Tech Panel Handbook Pairs 23-24|p=15}} The Short Program for the season 2023–24 must include one solo jump.{{r|Tech Panel Handbook Pairs 23-24|p=15}}

Throw jumps are "partner-assisted jumps in which the woman is thrown into the air by the man on the takeoff and lands without assistance from her partner on a backward outside edge".{{r|Tech Panel Handbook Pairs 23-24|p=18}} Skate Canada says, "The male partner assists the female into flight."<ref name="skatecanada" /> The types of throw jumps include: the throw Axel, the throw Salchow, the throw toe loop, the throw loop, the throw flip, and the throw Lutz.<ref name="skatecanada" /> The throw triple Axel is a difficult throw to accomplish because the woman must perform three-and-one-half revolutions after being thrown by the man, a half-revolution more than other triple jumps, and because it requires a forward takeoff.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Henderson |first1=John |date=26 January 2006 |title=Duo Throws Caution to Wind |work=The Denver Post |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2006/01/25/duo-throws-caution-to-wind/ |access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> The speed of the team's entry into the throw jump and the number of rotations performed increases its difficulty, as well as the height and/or distance they create.<ref name="skatecanada" /> Pair teams must perform one throw jump during their short programs; senior teams can perform any double or triple throw jump, and junior teams must perform a double or triple toe loop.{{r|Tech Panel Handbook Pairs 23-24|p=18}} If the throw jump is not done correctly, including if it has the wrong number of revolutions, it receives no value. A well-balanced Free Skating program must contain a maximum of 2 different Throw Jumps (different name and/or different number of revolutions).{{r|Tech Panel Handbook Pairs 23-24|p=18}} A throw jump is judged as a jump with a higher number of revolution if it is over-rotated more than a quarter revolution; for example, if a pair attempts a double throw jump but over-rotates it, the judges record it as a downgraded triple throw jump.{{r|Tech Panel Handbook Pairs 23-24|p=18}}