Editing Goliath frog (section)

=== Nesting patterns ===
The goliath frog creates nests as sites for their offspring as a form of parental care. There are three main types of nests: type 1 mainly contains rock pools that were cleared from detritus and [[leaf litter]], type 2 contains existing washouts at [[riverbanks]], and type 3 were depressions dug by the frogs into the gravel riverbanks. Each nest type contains advantages and disadvantages. Nest type 1 was the easiest to create since only cleaning of the substrate was required to create the nest. Consequently, these types of nests were the least reliable since they were usually positioned in the river bed which makes them extremely vulnerable to being washed out by the rising water levels and to having predators enter the nest. Both nest types 2 and 3 were less likely to be washed out, however, they have an increased risk for being dried-up during the dry season. Consequently, while each nest promotes clear advantages, nests are typically constructed depending on the environment cues (whether it is the dry season or the rainy season). All nest types can be used several times, and can consist of three distinct cohorts of tadpoles.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schäfer |first1=Marvin |last2=Tsekané |first2=Sedrick Junior |last3=Tchassem |first3=F. Arnaud M. |last4=Drakulić |first4=Sanja |last5=Kameni |first5=Marina |last6=Gonwouo |first6=Nono L. |last7=Rödel |first7=Mark-Oliver |title=Goliath frogs build nests for spawning – the reason for their gigantism? |journal=Journal of Natural History |date=11 June 2019 |volume=53 |issue=21–22 |pages=1263–1276 |doi=10.1080/00222933.2019.1642528 |bibcode=2019JNatH..53.1263S }}</ref> The construction of these nests can also explain how the goliath frog became the largest frog. Digging out these nests which exceed 1 m in diameter is an extremely arduous task. Other species which perform this task are also quite large in size. This includes: male African Bullfrogs, Gladiator Frogs, and the Bornean Giant River Frog.<ref name="Schafer2019" /> 

Typically, the goliath frog attaches its eggs either underwater, in small groups to rocks, or in gravel or larger pieces of wood. The construction of the nests may help reduce predation for it would be more difficult for the fish and shrimp (species which typically eat the eggs) to find the eggs and it may prevent the eggs from being washed away by the rapid current. However, in contrast, the changing water levels may also cause an increase in predation, cause more of the eggs to spill out, and increase tadpole mortality as well since the tadpoles and eggs may remain trapped within the nests. Additionally, these nests allow the Goliath frogs to become less dependent on existing structures for egg deposition which can allow these frogs to prolong their breeding season and also increase the amount of suitable breeding sites (they are determined to be suitable by the absence of predators or water presence since water is required for the offspring to survive).<ref name="Schafer2019" /> The process of constructing a nest for the offspring is used as a method of promoting a male’s reproductive benefits to the females. It also serves as the main parental investment since once the female deposits the eggs after fertilization, there is no more parental investment. <ref name="Schafer2019" />