Editing Haptic technology (section)

=== Control ===

==== Telepresence ====
Haptic feedback is essential to perform complex tasks via [[telepresence]]. The [[Shadow Hand]], an advanced robotic hand, has a total of 129 touch sensors embedded in every joint and finger pad that relay information to the operator. This allows tasks such as typing to be performed from a distance.<ref>{{cite web |last=Dormehl |first=Luke |date=2019-04-27 |title=The holy grail of robotics: Inside the quest to build a mechanical human hand |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/shadow-robot-company-hand/ |access-date=2019-07-20 |website=Digital Trends}}</ref> An early prototype can be seen in [[NASA]]'s collection of humanoid robots, or [[robonaut]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Robonaut |url=http://robonaut.jsc.nasa.gov/ |access-date=2010-02-26 |publisher=Robonaut.jsc.nasa.gov}}</ref>

==== Teleoperation ====
[[Teleoperation|Teleoperators]] are remote controlled robotic tools. When the operator is given feedback on the forces involved, this is called ''haptic teleoperation''. The first electrically actuated teleoperators were built in the 1950s at the [[Argonne National Laboratory]] by [[Raymond Goertz]] to remotely handle radioactive substances.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goertz |first=R.C. |date=1952-11-01 |title=Fundamentals of general purpose remote manipulators |journal=Nucleonics |volume=10 |pages=36–42}}</ref> Since then, the use of force feedback has become more widespread in other kinds of teleoperators, such as remote-controlled underwater exploration devices.

Devices such as medical [[simulation|simulators]] and [[flight simulator]]s ideally provide the force feedback that would be felt in real life. Simulated forces are generated using haptic operator controls, allowing data representing touch sensations to be saved or played back.<ref>Feyzabadi, S.; Straube, S.; Folgheraiter, M.; Kirchner, E.A.; Su Kyoung Kim; Albiez, J.C., "[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jan_Albiez/publication/259597133_Human_Force_Discrimination_during_Active_Arm_Motion_for_Force_Feedback_Design/links/00b7d52cd8522e50aa000000.pdf Human Force Discrimination during Active Arm Motion for Force Feedback Design]," ''IEEE Transactions on Haptics'', vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 309, 319, July–Sept. 2013</ref>

==== Medicine and dentistry ====
Haptic interfaces for medical simulation are being developed for training in minimally invasive procedures such as [[laparoscopy]] and [[interventional radiology]],<ref>Jacobus, C., et al., [https://patents.google.com/patent/US5769640A/en Method and system for simulating medical procedures including virtual reality and control method and system], US Patent 5,769,640</ref><ref>Pinzon D, Byrns S, Zheng B. [http://nebula.wsimg.com/9a3c4945e03855c95d1ed02338ae2d77?AccessKeyId=46F6B87634D8D667D17E&disposition=0&alloworigin=1 “Prevailing Trends in Haptic Feedback Simulation for Minimally Invasive Surgery”]. ''Surgical Innovation''. 2016 Feb.</ref> and for training dental students.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martin |first1=Nicolas |last2=Maddock |first2=Stephen |last3=Stokes |first3=Christopher |last4=Field |first4=James |last5=Towers |first5=Ashley |date=2019 |title=A scoping review of the use and application of virtual reality in pre-clinical dental education |url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/138367/10/AAM_-_with_images_-_A_scoping_review_of_the_use_of_virtual_reality_simulation_in_Pre-clinical_Dental_Education_BDJ.pdf |journal=British Dental Journal |language=en |volume=226 |issue=5 |pages=358–366 |doi=10.1038/s41415-019-0041-0 |issn=1476-5373 |pmid=30850794 |s2cid=71716319}}</ref> A Virtual Haptic Back (VHB) was successfully integrated in the curriculum at the [[Ohio University]] [[Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine|College of Osteopathic Medicine]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Honors And Awards |url=http://www.ent.ohiou.edu/~bobw/html/VHB/VHB.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402111612/http://www.ent.ohiou.edu/~bobw/html/VHB/VHB.html |archive-date=April 2, 2008 |access-date=2010-02-26 |publisher=Ent. ohiou.edu}}</ref> Haptic technology has enabled the development of [[telepresence]] surgery, allowing expert surgeons to operate on patients from a distance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kapoor |first1=Shalini |last2=Arora |first2=Pallak |last3=Kapoor |first3=Vikas |last4=Jayachandran |first4=Mahesh |last5=Tiwari |first5=Manish |date=2017-05-17 |title=Haptics – Touchfeedback Technology Widening the Horizon of Medicine |journal=Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=294–99 |doi=10.7860/JCDR/2014/7814.4191 |issn=2249-782X |pmc=4003673 |pmid=24783164}}</ref> As the surgeon makes an incision, they feel tactile and resistance feedback as if working directly on the patient.<ref>{{cite web |last=Russ |first=Zajtchuk |date=2008-09-15 |title=Telepresence Surgery |url=http://www.uams.edu/info/zajtchuk.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915234738/http://www.uams.edu/info/zajtchuk.htm |archive-date=2008-09-15 |access-date=2017-05-17}}</ref>

==== Automotive ====
With the introduction of large touchscreen control panels in vehicle dashboards, haptic feedback technology is used to provide confirmation of touch commands without needing the driver to take their eyes off the road.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Breitschaft |first1=Stefan Josef |last2=Clarke |first2=Stella |last3=Carbon |first3=Claus-Christian |title=A Theoretical Framework of Haptic Processing in Automotive User Interfaces and Its Implications on Design and Engineering |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=10 |page=1470 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01470 |pmid=31402879 |pmc=6676796 |date=26 July 2019|doi-access=free }}</ref> Additional contact surfaces, for example the steering wheel or seat, can also provide haptic information to the driver, for example, a warning vibration pattern when close to other vehicles.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kern |first1=Dagmar |last2=Pfleging |first2=Bastian |title=Supporting Interaction Through Haptic Feedback in Automotive User Interfaces |url=https://www.medien.ifi.lmu.de/pubdb/publications/pub/kern2013haptic/kern2013haptic.pdf |publisher=Department for Informatics, University of Munich |access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref>

==== Aviation ====
Force-feedback can be used to increase adherence to a safe [[flight envelope protection|flight envelope]] and thus reduce the risk of pilots entering dangerous states of flights outside the operational borders while maintaining the pilots' final authority and increasing their [[situation awareness]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Florian J. J. Schmidt-Skipiol |author2=Peter Hecker |name-list-style=amp |year=2015 |title=Tactile Feedback and Situation Awareness-Improving Adherence to an Envelope in Sidestick-Controlled Fly-by-Wire {{sic|nolink=y|Aircrafts}}. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299644586 |journal=15th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference |page=2905 |doi=10.2514/6.2015-2905}}</ref>