Editing Intellectual (section)

=== United States ===
[[File:Edwards Amasa Park.jpg|thumb|upright|The Congregational theologian [[Edwards Amasa Park]] proposed segregating the intellectuals from the public sphere of society in the United States.]]

The 19th-century U.S. [[Congregational church|Congregational]] theologian [[Edwards Amasa Park]] said: "We do wrong to our own minds, when we carry out scientific difficulties down to the arena of popular dissension".<ref name=Bender>{{cite book|title=Intellect and Public Life|last=Bender|first=Thomas|date=1993|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore}}</ref>{{rp|12}} In his view, it was necessary for the sake of social, economic and political stability "to separate the serious, [[Social engineering (political science)|technical role]] of professionals from their responsibility [for] supplying [[Public policy|usable philosophies]] for the general public". This expresses a  dichotomy, derived from Plato, between public knowledge and private knowledge, "civic culture" and "professional culture", the [[Intellectualism|intellectual sphere of life]] and  the life of ordinary people in society.<ref name=Bender/>{{rp|12}}

In the United States, members of the intellectual status class have been [[demographic]]ally characterized as people who hold [[Liberalism|liberal]]-to-[[leftist]] political perspectives about [[Guns versus butter model|guns-or-butter]] [[fiscal policy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://people-press.org/report/?pageid=1549 |title=Public Praises Science; Scientists Fault Public, Media: Section 4: Scientists, Politics and Religion – Pew Research Center for the People & the Press |publisher=People-press.org |date=9 July 2009|access-date=14 April 2010}}</ref>

In "The Intellectuals and Socialism" (1949), [[Friedrich Hayek]] wrote that "journalists, teachers, ministers, lecturers, publicists, radio commentators, writers of fiction, cartoonists, and artists" form an intellectual social class whose function is to communicate the complex and specialized knowledge of the [[scientist]] to the general public. He argued that intellectuals were attracted to [[socialism]] or [[social democracy]] because the socialists offered "broad visions; the spacious comprehension of the social order, as a whole, which a [[Planned economy|planned system]] promises" and that such broad-vision philosophies "succeeded in inspiring the imagination of the intellectuals" to change and improve their societies.<ref>"The Intellectuals and Socialism", ''The University of Chicago Law Review'' (Spring 1949)</ref> According to Hayek, intellectuals disproportionately support socialism for idealistic and utopian reasons that cannot be realized in practice.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mises.org/etexts/hayekintellectuals.pdf|title=Papers of Interest|work=Mises Institute|date=18 August 2014}}</ref>