Editing Internationalized domain name (section)

==Timeline==

{{Update section|date=January 2022}}
* December 1996: Martin Dürst's original Internet Draft proposing [[Comparison of Unicode encodings#UTF-5|UTF-5]] (the first example of what is known today as an ASCII-compatible encoding (ACE)) – UTF-5 was first defined at the University of Zürich<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-duerst-dns-i18n-00|title=draft-duerst-dns-i18n-00 – Internationalization of Domain Names |date=17 March 1998 |publisher=Tools.ietf.org |access-date=2010-07-29|last1=Dürst |first1=Martin J. |newspaper=Ietf Datatracker }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.minc.org/about/history/ |title=minc.org |publisher=Archive.minc.org |date=2019-12-12 |access-date=2022-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.connect-world.com/articles/old_articles/Dr-TanTinWee.htm |title=the leading Telecom magazine, ICT magazine, Telecom magazine, ICT and Telecom |publisher=Connect-World |access-date=2010-07-29 |archive-date=2008-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723195844/http://www.connect-world.com/articles/old_articles/Dr-TanTinWee.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* March 1998: Early research on IDN at National University of Singapore (NUS), Center for Internet Research (formerly Internet Research and Development Unit – IRDU) led by Tan Tin Wee (T. W. Tan)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.internethalloffame.org//inductees/tan-tin-wee |title=Tan Tin Wee |website=Internet Hall of Fame}}</ref> (IDN Project team – Tan Juay Kwang and Leong Kok Yong) and subsequently continued under a team at Bioinformatrix Pte. Ltd. (BIX Pte. Ltd.) – an NUS spin-off company led by S. Subbiah.
* June 1998: Korean Language Domain Name System is developed by Kang, Hee-Seung at KAIST (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itfind.or.kr/Report01/200302/IITA/IITA-2386/IITA-2386.pdf |title=APAN-KR |website=IITA}}</ref>
* July 1998:
** Geneva INET'98 conference with a BoF{{clarify|date=January 2022}} discussion on iDNS and APNG General Meeting and Working Group meeting.
** Asia Pacific Networking Group (APNG, now still in existence<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apng.org |title=APNG |publisher=APNG |access-date=2010-07-29}}</ref> and distinct from a gathering known as APSTAR)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apstar.org |title=The community of Asia Pacific Internet Organization |publisher=Apstar.Org |access-date=2010-07-29}}</ref> iDNS Working Group formed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apng.org/old/commission/idns/ |title=Asia Pacific Networking Group Chairman's Commission on Internationalization of DNS |website=www.apng.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422155224/http://www.apng.org/old/commission/idns/ |archive-date=April 22, 2006}}</ref>
* October 1998:
** [[James Seng]], a former student of Tan Tin Wee at Sheares Hall, NUS, and student researcher at Technet and IRDU, Computer Center, NUS, was recruited by CEO S. Subbiah to lead further IDN development at BIX Pte. Ltd.
** iDNS Testbed launched by BIX Pte. Ltd. under the auspices of APNG with participation from [[CNNIC]], [[Japan Network Information Center|JPNIC]], KRNIC, TWNIC, THNIC, HKNIC, and SGNIC led by [[James Seng]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.minc.org/about/history/idns/idomain/ |title=iDOMAIN - TestBed of iDNS implementations in the Asia Pacific|website=www.minc.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030823041046/http://www.minc.org/about/history/idns/idomain/ |archive-date=2003-08-23}}</ref>
** Presentation of Report on IDN at Joint APNG-APTLD meeting, at APRICOT'99
* March 1999: Endorsement of the IDN Report at APNG General Meeting 1 March 1999.
* June 1999: Grant application by APNG jointly with the Centre for Internet Research (CIR), the National University of Singapore, to the International Development Research Center (IDRC), a Canadian Government funded international organization to work on IDN for IPv6. This APNG Project was funded under the Pan Asia R&D Grant administered on behalf of IDRC by the Canadian Committee on Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS). Principal Investigator: Tan Tin Wee of National University of Singapore.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apng.org/old/commission/idns/ipv6/ |title=iDNS for IPv6 |website=www.apng.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060811114532/http://www.apng.org/old/commission/idns/ipv6/ |archive-date=August 11, 2006}}</ref>
* July 1999:
** Walid R. Tout (WALID Inc.) filed IDNA patent application number US1999000358043 "Method and system for internationalizing domain names". Published 30 January 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.delphion.com/details?&pn=US06182148__ |title=Method and system for internationalizing domain names (US6182148) |publisher=Delphion.com |access-date=2010-07-29 |archive-date=2010-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715221107/http://www.delphion.com/details?&pn=US06182148__ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** Internet Draft on UTF5 by James Seng, Martin Dürst and Tan Tin Wee.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-jseng-utf5-00 |title=draft-jseng-utf5-00 – UTF-5, a transformation format of Unicode and ISO 10646 |newspaper=Ietf Datatracker |publisher=Tools.ietf.org |date=1999-07-27 |access-date=2010-07-29}}</ref> Renewed 2000.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-jseng-utf5-01 |title=draft-jseng-utf5-01 – UTF-5, a transformation format of Unicode and ISO 10646 |newspaper=Ietf Datatracker |publisher=Tools.ietf.org |date=2000-01-28 |access-date=2010-07-29}}</ref>
* August 1999: APTLD and APNG forms a [[working group]] to look into IDN issues chaired by Kilnam Chon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.minc.org/about/history/idns/iname/ |title=iNAME project of APTLD and APNG |website=www.minc.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030823041200/http://www.minc.org/about/history/idns/iname/ |archive-date=2003-08-23|access-date=2023-08-20}}</ref>
* October 1999: BIX Pte. Ltd. and National University of Singapore together with New York Venture Capital investors, [[General Atlantic Partners]], spun off the IDN effort into 2 new Singapore companies – i-DNS.net International Inc. and i-Email.net Pte. Ltd. that created the first commercial implementation of an IDN solution for both domain names and IDN email addresses respectively.
* November 1999: [[IETF]] IDN Birds-of-Feather{{clarify|date=January 2022}} in Washington was initiated by i-DNS.net at the request of IETF officials.
* December 1999: i-DNS.net International Pte. Ltd. launched the first commercial IDN. It was in [[Taiwan]] and in [[Chinese character]]s under the top-level IDN TLD ".gongsi" (meaning loosely ".com") with endorsement by the Minister of Communications of Taiwan and some major Taiwanese ISPs with reports of over 200 000 names sold in a week in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, [[People's Republic of China|China]], Australia and USA.
* Late 1999: Kilnam Chon initiated Task Force on IDNS which led to the formation of MINC, the Multilingual Internet Names Consortium.<ref>{{cite web 
  |url= http://www.i-dns.net/newsroom/news/IN000724-01.html.ko.ksc
  |title= Internationalisation of the Domain Name System: The Next Big Step in a Multilingual Internet
  |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> 
  |date= 24 July 2000
  |website=NEWS 
  |publisher=  i-DNS.net
  |access-date=2016-08-13
}}</ref>
* January 2000:
** [[IETF]] IDN Working Group formed chaired by [[James Seng]] and [[Marc Blanchet]].
** The second-ever commercial IDN launch was IDN TLDs in the Tamil Language, corresponding to .com, .net, .org, and .edu. These were launched in India with IT Ministry support by i-DNS.net International. These used non-standardized character sets, and were soon deprecated.
* February 2000: Multilingual Internet Names Consortium (MINC) Proposal BoF{{clarify|date=January 2022}} at IETF Adelaide.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.minc.org/oldminc/old//meetings/minc_20000327.html |title= Proposal BoF - Meeting Summary|website=www.minc.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041110195336/http://www.minc.org/oldminc/old//meetings/minc_20000327.html |archive-date=2004-11-10|access-date=2023-08-20}}</ref>
* March 2000: APRICOT 2000 Multilingual DNS session.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apricot.net/apricot2000/index2.html |title=APRICOT 2000 in Seoul |publisher=Apricot.net |access-date=2010-07-29}}</ref>
* April 2000: WALID Inc. (with IDNA patent-pending application 6182148) started Registration & Resolving Multilingual Domain Names.
* May 2000: Interoperability Testing WG, MINC meeting. San Francisco, chaired by Bill Manning and Y. Yoneya, 12 May 2000.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}
* June 2000: Inaugural Launch of the Multilingual Internet Names Consortium (MINC) in Seoul<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minc.org |title=Multilingual Internet Names Consortium |publisher=MINC |access-date=2010-07-29}}</ref> to drive the collaborative roll-out of IDN starting from the Asia Pacific.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.minc.org/about/history/ |title=History of MINC  |website=www.minc.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040126052853/http://www.minc.org/about/history/ |archive-date=2004-01-26|access-date=2023-08-20}}</ref>
* July 2000:
** Joint Engineering TaskForce (JET) was initiated in Yokohama to study technical issues led by JPNIC (K.Konishi)and TWNIC (Kenny Huang).
** Official formation of CDNC ([[Chinese Domain Name Consortium]]) to resolve issues related to and to deploy [[Han Character]] domain names, founded by [[CNNIC]], [[TWNIC]], HKNIC and [[MONIC]] in May 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdnc.org/english/introduction/index.html |title=Chinese Domain Name Consortium |publisher=CDNC |date=2000-05-19 |access-date=2010-07-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdnc.org/english/news/index.html |title=Chinese Domain Name Consortium |publisher=CDNC |access-date=2010-07-29}}</ref>
* March 2001: [[ICANN]] Board IDN Working Group formed.
* July 2001:
** Japanese Domain Name Association: JDNA Launch Ceremony (July 13, 2001) in Tokyo, Japan.
** Urdu Internet Names System (July 28, 2001) in Islamabad, Pakistan, Organised Jointly by SDNP and MINC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://urduworkshop.sdnpk.org/ |title=urduworkshop.sdnpk.org<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2022-07-10 |archive-date=2016-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106084833/http://urduworkshop.sdnpk.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** Presentation on IDN to the Committee Meeting of the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, National Academies USA (JULY 11–13, 2001) at University of California School of Information Management and Systems, Berkeley, California.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nap.edu/books/0309096405/html/390.html |title=Signposts in Cyberspace: The Domain Name System and Internet Navigation |publisher=National Academies Press |date=2001-11-07 |access-date=2010-07-29 |archive-date=2008-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706151434/http://www.nap.edu/books/0309096405/html/390.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* August 2001: MINC presentation and outreach at the Asia Pacific Advanced Network annual conference, Penang, Malaysia, 20 August 2001
* October 2001: Joint MINC-CDNC Meeting in Beijing 18–20 October 2001.
* November 2001: [[ICANN]] IDN Committee formed,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.icann.org/en/committees/idn/|title=ICANN {{!}} Archives {{!}} Committees {{!}} Internationalized Domain Names (IDN) Committee|website=archive.icann.org|access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref> Ram Mohan (Afilias) appointed as Charter Member and lead.
* December 2001: Joint ITU-WIPO Symposium on Multilingual Domain Names organized in association with MINC, 6–7 December 2001, International Conference Center, Geneva.
* January 2003:
** ICANN IDN Guidelines Working Group formed with membership from Afilias (Ram Mohan), Verisign (Pat Kane), .museum (Cary Karp), JPRS (Hiro Hotta), members of leading gTLD and ccTLD registries.
** Free implementation of stringprep, Punycode, and IDNA are released in GNU Libidn.
* March 2003: Publication of RFC 3454, RFC 3490, RFC 3491 and RFC 3492.
* June 2003: Publication of ICANN IDN guidelines for registries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icann.org/general/idn-guidelines-20jun03.htm |title=Guidelines for the Implementation of Internationalized Domain Names – Version 1.0 |website=ICANN}}</ref> Adopted by .cn, .info, .jp, .org, and .tw registries.
* May 2004: Publication of RFC 3743, Joint Engineering Team (JET) Guidelines for Internationalized Domain Names (IDN) Registration and Administration for [[Chinese character|Chinese]], Japanese, and Korean.
* March 2005: First Study Group 17 of ITU-T meeting on Internationalized Domain Names.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itu.int/md/T05-SG17-050330/sum/en |title=ITU-T SG17 Meeting Documents |publisher=Itu.int |access-date=2010-07-29}}</ref>
* May 2005: .IN ccTLD (India) creates an expert IDN Working Group to create solutions for 22 official languages. Ram Mohan (Afilias) was appointed lead for technical implementation. C-DAC appointed a linguistic expert.
* April 2006: ITU Study Group 17 meeting in Korea gave final approval to the Question on Internationalized Domain Names.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/newslog/Multilingual+Internet+Work+Progresses.aspx |title=ITU-T Newslog – Multilingual Internet Work Progresses |publisher=Itu.int |date=2006-05-04 |access-date=2010-07-29 |archive-date=2010-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529143600/http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/newslog/Multilingual+Internet+Work+Progresses.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* June 2006: Workshop on IDN at ICANN meeting at Marrakech, Morocco.
* November 2006: ICANN GNSO IDN Working Group created to discuss policy implications of IDN TLDs. Ram Mohan (Afilias) elected Chair of the IDN Working Group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gnso.icann.org/en/drafts/idn-wg-fr-22mar07.htm |title=GNSO IDN WG|publisher=icann.org |date=2007-03-22 |access-date=2010-08-30}}</ref>
* December 2006: ICANN meeting in São Paulo discusses status of {{clarify span|text=lab tests of IDNs within the root.|date=January 2022}}
* January 2007: Tamil and Malayalam variant table work completed by Ram Mohan ([[Afilias]]) and India's [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing|C-DAC]].
* March 2007: ICANN GNSO IDN Working Group completes work, [[Ram Mohan]] presents a report at ICANN Lisboa meeting.<ref>Mohan, Ram, [http://gnso.icann.org/correspondence/gnso-idn-wg-outcomes-ram.pdf GNSO IDN Working Group, Outcomes Report] (PDF), ICANN</ref>
* October 2007: Eleven IDNA [[top-level domain]]s were added to the [[root nameserver]]s in order to evaluate the use of IDNA at the top level of the DNS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icann.org/en/announcements/details/on-its-way-one-of-the-biggest-changes-to-the-internet--internet-users-have-key-role-in-testing-the-operation-of-exampletest-in-11-languages-9-10-2007-en|title=On Its Way: One of the Biggest Changes to the Internet &#124; Internet users have key role in testing the operation of example.test in 11 languages|website=www.icann.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icann.org/en/announcements/details/my-name-my-language-my-internet-idn-test-goes-live--icann-launches-global-test-of-internationalized-domain-names-15-10-2007-en|title=My Name, My Language, My Internet: IDN Test Goes Live &#124; ICANN launches global test of Internationalized Domain Names|website=www.icann.org}}</ref>
* January 2008: ICANN: Successful Evaluations of .test IDN TLDs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icann.org/en/announcements/details/successful-evaluations-of-test-idn-tlds-31-1-2008-en|title=Successful Evaluations of .test IDN TLDs|website=www.icann.org}}</ref>
* February 2008: IDN Workshop: IDNs in Indian Languages and Scripts,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.icann.org/en/meetings/delhi2008/node/88.html|title=IDN Workshop: IDNs in Indian Languages and Scripts {{!}} New Delhi 2008|website=archive.icann.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref> ICANN, DIT, Afilias, C-DAC, NIXI lead.
* April 2008:
** [[IETF]] IDNAbis WG chaired by [[Vint Cerf]] continues the work to update IDNA.<ref>[[Purlnet:IDNAbis|IDNAbis overview]] (2008)</ref>
** Arabic Script IDN Working Group (ASIWG)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.icann.org/en/topics/idn/meetings.htm|title=ICANN {{!}} Archives {{!}} Internationalized Domain Names Meetings|website=archive.icann.org|access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref> founded by Ram Mohan ([[Afilias]]) and Alexa Raad ([[Public Interest Registry|PIR]]) in Dubai.
* June 2008:
** ICANN board votes to develop final fast-track implementation proposal for a limited number of IDN ccTLDS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://isoc-ny.org/wiki/ICANN_-_Paris/IDN_CCTLD_discussion|title=ICANN - Paris/IDN CCTLD discussion - Wiki|website=isoc-ny.org}}</ref>
** Arabic Script IDN Working Group (ASIWG) membership<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.icann.org/en/meetings/paris2008/en/node/114.html|title=ASIWIG Meeting {{!}} Paris 2008|website=archive.icann.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref> expands to Egypt, Iran, Kuwait, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, UAE, Malaysia, UN ESCWA, APTLD, ISOC Africa, and invited experts Michael Everson and John Klensin.
* October 2008: ICANN seeks interest in IDN ccTLD fast-track process.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icann.org/en/announcements/details/icann-seeks-interest-in-idn-cctld-fast-track-process-2-10-2008-en|title=ICANN Seeks Interest in IDN ccTLD Fast-Track Process|website=ICANN}}</ref>
* September 2009: ICANN puts IDN ccTLD proposal on agenda for Seoul meeting in October 2009.<ref>[http://www.icann.org/en/announcements/announcement-2-30sep09-en.htm Proposed Final Implementation Plan: IDN ccTLD Fast Track Process], 30 September 2009</ref>
* October 2009: ICANN approves the registration of IDN names in the root of the DNS through the IDN ccTLD Fast-Track process at its meeting in Seoul, 26–30 October 2009.<ref>[http://www.siliconrepublic.com/news/article/14274/new-media/regulator-approves-multi-lingual-web-addresses Regulator approves multi-lingual web addresses], Silicon Republic, 30.10.2009</ref>
* January 2010: ICANN announces that Egypt, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates were the first countries to have passed the Fast-Track String Evaluation within the IDN ccTLD domain application process.<ref name="ICANN-2010-01-21">{{cite web
|url=http://icann.org/en/announcements/announcement-21jan10-en.htm
|title=First IDN ccTLDs Requests Successfully Pass String Evaluation
|date=2010-01-21
|publisher=ICANN
}}</ref>
* May 2010: The first implementations{{clarify|reason=of what?|date=January 2022}} go live. They are the ccTLDs in the Arabic alphabet for Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.<ref name="ICANN-2010-05-05"/>
* August 2010-: The [[IETF]] publishes the updated "IDNA2008" specifications as [[Request for Comments|RFC]] 5890–5894.
* December 2010: ICANN Board IDN Variants Working Group formed<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/idn-variants-2012-02-25-en|title=Board IDN Variants Working Group – ICANN|website=www.icann.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-11}}</ref> to oversee and track the IDN Variant Issues Project. Members of the working group are Ram Mohan (chair), Jonne Soininen, Suzanne Woolf, and Kuo-Wei Wu.
* February 2012: [[International email]] was standardized, utilizing IDN.<ref>{{cite IETF | title = Overview and Framework for Internationalized Email | rfc = 6530 | author = J. Klensin | date = February 2012 | publisher = [[Internet Engineering Task Force|IETF]] | access-date =January 14, 2017 }}</ref>