Editing Italian grammar (section)

==Pronouns==
Italian features a sizeable set of pronouns. [[Personal pronoun]]s are inflected for person, number, case, and, in the third person, gender. Literary subject pronouns also have a distinction between animate (''egli'', ''ella'') and inanimate (''esso'', ''essa'') [[Antecedent (grammar)|antecedent]]s, although this is lost in colloquial usage, where ''lui'', ''lei'', and ''loro'' are the most used forms for animate subjects, while no specific pronoun is employed for inanimate subjects (if needed, demonstrative pronouns such as ''questo'' or ''quello'' may be used). There is also the uninflected pronoun ''ciò'', which is only used with abstract antecedents.

Personal pronouns are normally [[null subject language|omitted in the subject]], as the conjugation is usually enough to determine the grammatical person. They are used when some emphasis is needed, e.g. ''sono italiano'' ('I am Italian') vs. ''io sono italiano'' ('''I'' [specifically, as opposed to others] am Italian').

The words ''ci'', ''vi'' and ''ne'' act both as personal pronouns (respectively instrumental and genitive case) and clitic [[pro-form]]s for "there" (''ci'' and ''vi'', with identical meaning—as in '''''c''''è'', '''''ci''' sono'', '''''v''''è'', '''''vi''' sono'', '''''ci''' vengo'', etc.) and "from there" (''ne—''as in: ''è entrato in casa alle 10:00 e '''ne''' è uscito alle 11:00'').

{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Personal pronoun]]s
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="border: none;" |
! rowspan="2" | [[Nominative]]
! colspan="2" | [[Genitive]]
! colspan="3" | [[Dative]]
! colspan="2" | [[Accusative]]
! colspan="3" | [[Instrumental case|Instrumental]]
|-
! ''Clitic form''{{efn|name=elision|Often elided to ''m{{'}}'', ''t{{'}}'', ''l{{'}}'', ''c{{'}}'', etc. (except ''loro'') before vowels (especially ''i'') and ''h'' in colloquial speech, especially in central and southern Italy, and less often in written language. The extent to which individual pronouns are elided varies, ranging from virtually always (''lo'' and ''la'') to rarely (''ne'').}}
! ''Stressed form''
! ''Clitic form I.''{{efn|name=elision}}{{efn|Alone, as in '''''Ti''' do un libro'', and sometimes with other clitic pronouns (see below)}}
! ''Clitic form II.''{{efn|Sometimes before other clitic pronouns (see below), as in '''''Te''' lo do''}}
! ''Stressed form''
! ''Clitic form''{{efn|name=elision}}{{efn|When unstressed accusative pronouns are used in compound tenses, the final vowel of the past participle must agree in gender and number with the accusative pronoun. For example, ''Hai comprato '''i cocomeri''' e '''le mele'''?'' ("Did you buy the watermelons and the apples?") – '''''Li''' [i cocomeri] ho comprat'''i''' ma non '''le''' [le mele] ho comprat'''e'''''  ("I bought '''them''' [the former] but I did not buy '''them''' [the latter]"). This also happens when the [[underlying representation|underlying]] pronoun is made opaque by elision: ''l'ho svegliat'''o''''' ("I woke ''him'' up"), versus  ''L'ho svegliat'''a''''' ("I woke ''her'' up").}}
! ''Stressed form''{{efn|The stressed form of the accusative also acts as the [[Object (grammar)|prepositional object]].}}
! ''Clitic form I.''{{efn|name=elision}}{{efn|Alone, as in '''''Ci''' chiacchiero volentieri'' ("I am happy to chat '''with him/her'''"), and sometimes with other clitic pronouns (see below)}}
! ''Clitic form II.''{{efn|Sometimes before other clitic pronouns (see below), as in:<br />''– Vedresti Carla con una gonna lunga e un cappello?<br />– Sì, '''ce''' la vedrei.''}}
! ''Stressed form''
|-
! rowspan="5" | sg.
! colspan="2" | 1st
| io
| —
| di me
| mi
| me
| a me
| mi
| me
| —
| —
| con me
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd
| tu{{efn|name=inf|Informal (see below)}}
| —
| di te
| ti
| te
| a te
| ti
| te
| —
| —
| con te
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! m.
| egli, esso,{{efn|name=esso_essa_essi_esse_impersonal|Although traditionally impersonal, ''essa'' is occasionally seen used as a personal pronoun, which is never the case with ''esso''; the plurals ''essi'' and ''esse'' are more frequently used as personal pronouns than their singular counterparts as they commonly supplant the personal plural pronouns ''elli'' and ''elle'' in contemporary usage.}} ''lui''{{efn|name=lui_lei_loro_nominative|Previously only accusative, today ''lui'', ''lei'' and ''loro'' are also accepted as nominative.}}
| rowspan="3" | ne
| di lui, di esso
| gli
| rowspan="2" | glie-{{efn|name=glie_one_word|Combines with the following pronoun to form one word; compare '''''Glie'''ne sono grato'' with '''''Te ne''' sono grato''. Only possible with ''lo, la, li, le,'' and ''ne'' (see below) to form ''glielo, gliela, glieli, gliele,'' and ''gliene''.}}
| a lui, a esso
| lo
| lui, esso
| rowspan="3" | ci
| rowspan="3" | ce
| con lui, con esso
|-
! f.
| ella,{{efn|name=formal|''Lei'', ''Loro'', ''Essi'', ''Esse'' and traditionally ''Ella'' and ''Elle'' (spelled this way) are also used as formal second-person pronouns (see below).}} essa,{{efn|name=esso_essa_essi_esse_impersonal|}} ''lei''{{efn|name=lui_lei_loro_nominative}}{{efn|name=formal|}}
| di lei, di essa
| le
| a lei, a essa
| la
| lei, essa
| con lei, con essa
|-
! refl.
| —
| di sé
| si
| se
| a sé
| si
| sé
| con sé
|-
! rowspan="5" | pl.
! colspan="2" | 1st
| noi
| —
| di noi
| ci
| ce
| a noi
| ci
| noi
| —
| —
| con noi
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd
| voi{{efn|name=inf}}
| —
| di voi
| vi
| ve
| a voi
| vi
| voi
| —
| —
| con voi
|-
! rowspan="3" | 3rd
! m.
| elli,{{Efn|The plural forms of ''egli'' and ''ella'' are generally considered archaic, owing to: common supplantation by ''essi'' and ''esse'' respectively; and the rarity of even the singular pronouns in vernacular usage.|name=elli_elle_archaic}} essi,{{efn|name=esso_essa_essi_esse_impersonal|}}{{efn|name=formal}} ''loro''{{efn|name=lui_lei_loro_nominative}}
| rowspan="3" | ne
| di loro, di essi{{efn|name=esse-essi|When a distinction is made between ''egli'' / ''ella'' (animate) and ''esso''/''a'' (inanimate), in the '''nominative''' case ''essi''/''e'' is usually the plural of both the animate and the inanimate pronouns. However, in the '''accusative''', as well as the '''object of prepositions''' (as in ''di lui'' / ''di lei'', ''di esso''/''a''), ''essi/e'' can be used only for inanimate nouns, while ''loro'' must be used for animate nouns instead.}}
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" align="center" | loro{{efn|name=dative_loro|Not used like most clitics, simply follows the verb as with normal nouns. Compare '''''Gli''' dico'' (3rd person m. sg., clitic form I.) with ''Dico '''loro''''' (3rd person m. and f. pl.) and '''''Glie'''ne do due'' (3rd person m. and f. sg., clitic form II.) with ''Ne do '''loro''' due'' (3rd person m. and f. pl.).}}{{efn|name=glidat|In spoken Italian, ''gli'' ("to him") and ''glie-'' ("to him/her") are often used as the plural ("to them") instead of classical ''loro''. So: ''Conosci Luca: '''gli''' ho sempre detto di stare lontano dalle cattive compagnie'' ("You know Luca: I have always told ''him'' to stay away from bad companies") and: ''Conosci Luca e Gino: '''gli''' ho sempre detto...'' ("...I have always told ''them''...") instead of ''... ho sempre detto '''loro''' di stare...''. It also works in the feminine: ''Conosci Lucia e Gina: '''gli''' ho sempre detto...'' instead of the more classical ''... ho detto '''loro'''...''. However, classical ''loro'' is normally never replaced with ''gli''/''glie-'' in written language.}}
| a loro, a essi{{efn|name=esse-essi}}
| li
| loro, essi{{efn|name=esse-essi}}
| rowspan="3" | ci
| rowspan="3" | ce
| con loro, con essi{{efn|name=esse-essi}}
|-
! f.
| elle,{{Efn||name=elli_elle_archaic}}{{efn|name=formal|}} esse,{{efn|name=esso_essa_essi_esse_impersonal|}}{{efn|name=formal}} ''loro''{{efn|name=lui_lei_loro_nominative}}{{efn|name=formal|}}
| di loro, di esse{{efn|name=esse-essi}}
| a loro, a esse{{efn|name=esse-essi}}
| le
| loro, esse{{efn|name=esse-essi}}
| con loro, con esse{{efn|name=esse-essi}}
|-
! refl.
| —
| di sé
| si
| se
| a sé
| si
| sé
| con sé
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Possessive|Possessive pronouns]]
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="border: none;" |
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
! ''Masculine''
! ''Feminine''
! ''Masculine''
! ''Feminine''
|-
! rowspan="3" | ''sg.''
! ''1st''
| mio
| mia
| miei
| mie
|-
! ''2nd''
| tuo
| tua
| tuoi
| tue
|-
! ''3rd''
| suo
| sua
| suoi
| sue
|-
! rowspan="3" | ''pl.''
! ''1st''
| nostro
| nostra
| nostri
| nostre
|-
! ''2nd''
| vostro
| vostra
| vostri
| vostre
|-
! ''3rd''
| colspan="4" align="center" | loro
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Relative pronoun]]s{{efn|''Che'' and ''cui'' can always be replaced with the pro-form ''il quale'' / ''la quale'' (gendered), which is always stressed.}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |
! [[Nominative]]/<br>[[Accusative]]
! colspan="2" | [[Genitive]]
! colspan="2" | [[Dative]]
! [[Instrumental case|Instrumental]]
|-
! ''Clitic form''{{efn|name=clitic_relative_pronouns|Differently from personal pronouns, clitic forms of relative pronouns do not rely on the verb for their accent, but might use the accent of any other [[part of speech]] instead. Compare '''''ne''' ho studiato a fondo le parti più rilevanti'' ("I have studied the most relevant parts '''of it''' in depth"), where ''ne'' (personal pronoun, genitive) must rely on the verb ''ho'' for its accent, with ''le '''cui''' parti più rilevanti ho studiato a fondo'' ("'''whose''' most relevant parts I have studied in depth"), where ''cui'' (relative pronoun, genitive) relies on the noun ''parti'' for its accent.}}
! ''Clitic form''{{efn|name=clitic_relative_pronouns}}
! ''Stressed form''
! ''Clitic form''{{efn|name=clitic_relative_pronouns}}
! ''Stressed form''
! ''Stressed form''
|-
! sg./pl.
| che
| cui{{efn|Always positioned between the article and the noun, as in ''Ieri lì sedeva un uomo il '''cui''' sguardo rivelava una certa malinconia.'' ("Yesterday a man was sitting there, '''whose''' look revealed some sort of melancholia"), or ''Fu un virtuosissimo violinista, la '''cui''' fama ancora riecheggia tra le sale da concerto.'' ("He was a virtuoso violinist, '''whose''' fame still echoes among concert halls.")}}{{efn|name=cui_prepositional_object|''Cui'' (by itself) also acts as the [[Object (grammar)|prepositional object]] (as in ''per '''cui'''''). Note that as the prepositional object ''cui'' is always stressed.}}
| di cui
| cui{{efn|Example: ''L'unica persona '''cui''' confessai tutti i miei segreti adesso mi odia.'' ("The only person '''to whom''' I confessed all my secrets now hates me.")}}{{efn|name=cui_prepositional_object}}
| a cui
| con cui
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Local case [[pro-form]]s
|-
! colspan="3" | [[Locative case|Locative]], [[Lative case|Lative]]{{efn|As in '''''c''''è'', '''''vi''' sono'' ("'''There''' is/are), '''''Ce''' l'ha messo'' ("He/she put it '''there'''), etc.}}
! colspan="2" | [[Ablative case|Ablative]]{{efn|As in '''''Ne''' sono uscito alle...'' ("I left '''(from) there''' at...")}}
|-
! ''Clitic form I.''{{efn|name=elision}}
! ''Clitic form II.''
! ''Stressed form''
! ''Clitic form''{{efn|name=elision}}
! ''Stressed form''
|-
| ci, vi
| ce, ve
| qui, qua / lì, là
| ne
| da qui, da qua / da lì, da là
|}

Notes:
{{notelist}}

===Clitic pronouns===
Although objects come after the verb as a rule, this is often not the case with a class of unstressed [[clitic]] [[pro-form]]s.

Clitic pronouns are replaced with the stressed form for emphatic reasons. A somewhat similar situation is represented by the [[dative shift]] in English [[ditransitive verb]]s. Compare, for example, (emphasis in italic) "John gave a book '''''to her'''''" with "John gave '''her''' ''a book''". In Italian these two different emphases map respectively to "John diede un libro '''''a lei'''''" (stressed form) and "John '''''le''''' diede ''un libro''" (clitic form). Compared to English, Italian presents a richer set of [[Grammatical case|cases]].

Clitic pronouns generally come before the verb, but in certain types of constructions, such as ''lo devo fare'', they can also appear as [[enclitic]]s (attached to the verb itself)—in this case, ''devo farlo''. In the [[infinitive]], [[gerund]] and, except with third-person courtesy forms, [[imperative mood]]s clitic pronouns must ''always'' be compound to the suffix as enclitics<ref>This was not always the case, however. It is not rare indeed to find in [[opera]] [[libretto]]s the clitic before the imperative, as in ''Ti ferma!'' (which in standard Italian means 'He/She/It stops you!') instead of the standard ''Fermati!'' (which means 'Stop yourself!'). However this usage today is completely non-standard and modern listeners might have difficulties with it when approaching old texts.</ref> (as in ''confessalo!'' [2p. sg.]/''confessiamolo!'' [1p. pl.]/''confessatelo!'' [2p. pl.], ''ricordandolo'' and ''mangiarlo'').

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Examples of clitic pronouns
|-
|
! Italian
! English
|-
! [[Genitive]]
| ''Non vedo Francesca, ma '''ne''' vedo la bicicletta.''
| I don't see Francesca, but I see her bike (the bike '''of her''').
|-
! [[Dative]]
| '''''Gli''' parlai per un'ora intera''.
| I spoke '''to him''' for a whole hour.
|-
! [[Accusative]]
| '''''La''' vedo''.
| I see '''her'''.
|-
! [[Instrumental case|Instrumental]]
| ''Sì! Lo conosco! Una volta '''ci''' giocai a pallacanestro!''
| Yes! I know him! Long ago I played basketball '''with him'''!
|}

Other examples:
{|
|-
| ''accusative''
|''Davide '''la''' lascia in ufficio.'' || (David leaves '''it''' in the office.)
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''dative'' + ''accusative'' + nominative<!--"me" pronounced /ˌme/ as if it was written "mé"-->
|''Davide ''me'' '''la''' lascia.'' || (David leaves ''me'' '''it'''.)
|-
|''Davide '''te''' ''ne'' lascia una.'' || (David leaves '''(to) you''' one ''of them''.)
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''accusative'' + nominative + ''dative''<!--"me" pronounced /ˈmɛ/ as if it was written "mè"-->
|''Davide ''la'' lascia '''a me'''.'' || (David leaves ''it'' '''to me'''.)
|-
|''Davide '''ne''' lascia una ''a te''.'' || (David leaves one '''of them''' ''(to) you''.)
|-
| (subjunctive +) infinitive + ''dative'' + ''accusative''
|''Davide potrebbe lasciar'''glie'''''ne'' una.'' || (David might leave one ''of them'' '''to him'''/'''her'''/'''it'''.)
|-
| ''dative'' + ''accusative'' + subjunctive (+ infinitive)
|  ''Davide '''glie'''''ne'' potrebbe lasciare una.'' || (David might leave one ''of them'' '''to him'''/'''her'''/'''it'''.)
|}

(Compare with the similar use of objective pronouns and pro-forms in [[french grammar|French]] and [[Catalan personal pronouns#Weak pronouns|Catalan]].)

Finally, in the imperative mood, the objective pronouns come once again ''after'' the verb, but this time as a suffix:

{|
|-
| imperative + ''accusative''
|"''Lascia'''la''' in ufficio!''" || ("Leave '''it''' in the office!")
|-
| imperative + ''dative'' + ''accusative''
|"''Lascia''me'''''la'''!''" || ("Leave '''it''' ''to me''!"/"Leave ''me'' '''it'''!")
|-
| (conditional +) infinitive + ''dative''
|"''Davide potrebbe lasciar'''la''' in ufficio.''" || (David might leave '''it''' in the office.)
|-
| negative imperative<!--"non" + present (active) infinitive = second-person singular negative (present) imperative--> + ''dative'' + ''accusative''
|"''Non lasciar''glie'''''la'''!''" || ("Do not leave '''it''' ''to''/''for him''/''her''/''it''/''them''!")
|-
| imperative + ''dative'' + ''accusative''
|"''Davide dovrebbe lasciar''glie'''''la'''.''" || ("David should leave '''it''' ''to''/''for him''/''her''/''it''/''them''.")
|}

* Stressed forms of all four non-subject cases are used when emphasized (e.g. ''uccidi '''me''', non '''lui''''' ("kill '''me''', not '''him'''"), ''dallo '''a lei''''' ("give it to ''her''"), ''lo farò '''con lui''''' ("I'll do it with ''that''"), etc.).
* In colloquial speech, form I. of the dative (''mi, ti, gli, le, si, ci, vi'') is often associated with the emphasized form of the dative (''a me, a te, a lui, a lei, a sé, a noi, a voi, a loro'') in such a way: ''a me mi danno un libro'' ("they give me a book"), ''a loro gli hanno venduto una casa'' ("they sold them a house"). Although widely used, this redundant usage is considered non-standard.

====Combinations of clitics====
In Italian it is possible to append more than one clitic to a single verb. In normal usage, two is the usual limit, although clusters of three can occasionally arise for some speakers,<ref>Lepschy, Giulio and Anna Laura Lepschy. 1998. The Italian Language Today. New York: New Amsterdam Books. p. 214.</ref> especially with impersonal constructs (e.g. '''''Ce la si''' sente'' = "One feels up to it", or ''Nessuno ha ancora visto l'ultimo film di Woody Allen, quindi '''ce lo si''' vede tutti insieme!'' = "Nobody has watched the last Woody Allen movie yet, so we have to watch it together!"). Any two cases can be used together, except for accusative + genitive, and word order is strictly determined according to one of the following two patterns:<ref>Lepschy, Giulio and Anna Laura Lepschy. 1998. The Italian Language Today. New York: New Amsterdam Books. p. 212.</ref>

<ol><li>When third-person non-reflexive accusative or genitive clitics are used, form II. of the other clitic is used, which always precedes it. Thus:</li>

{| class="wikitable" style="width:14em"
|-
! align="center" | 1 || 2 || 3 
|-
| me, te, glie-, se, ce, ve || lo, la, li, le || ne si{{efn|1=Impersonal ''si''; used to form quasi-passive constructions and essentially the same case as the pronoun that precedes it: ''Lo si vede spesso'' = "You/we/one see(s) him a lot" ({{literally}} more like "He is seen a lot"). ''Se'' is used with ''ne'' instead, however: ''Se ne parla'' = "You talk about it". Cannot be used with stressed form of other clitics; used with unstressed form otherwise (see below).}}
|}

{{notelist}}

For example:
*''Ve lo dico già da ora: io non verrò!'' = "I already told you [pl.] (said it to you): I'm not coming!" (dative + accusative)
*''Ce li ha già dati'' = "He/she/you already gave them to us" (dative + accusative)
*''Ecco l'uomo di cui mi innamorai! Te ne ho portato la foto!'' = "Here's the man I fell in love with! I brought you the picture (of him)!" (dative + genitive)
*''Vedresti Carla con una gonna lunga e un cappello? – Sì, ce la vedrei'' = "Could you imagine Carla with a long skirt and a hat? – Yes, I could imagine her with that" (instrumental + accusative)
*''Riuscirai a trasportare abbastanza mele con quel piccolo furgoncino? – Uomo di poca fede! Ce ne trasporterò quintali!'' = "Will you be able to transport enough apples with such a small van? – Man of little faith! I'll transport quintals of them (with it)!" (instrumental + genitive)

<li>Otherwise, form I. is used for both clitics:</li>

{| class="wikitable" style="width:14em"
|-
! align="center" | 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6
|-
| mi || gli, le || vi || ti || ci || si{{efn|Reflexive or impersonal}}
|}

{{notelist}}

Thus:
*''Mi ti mostro senza veli'' = "I'm showing myself without veils to you" (accusative + dative)
*''Ti si fece incontro'' = "He/she approached you (moved himself/herself to you)" (dative + accusative)
*''[G]li ti darò nelle mani, perché in pezzi ti faccia come tu meriti''<ref>{{cite book|last=Giraldi |first=Giovanni Battista |author-link=Giovanni Battista Giraldi |date=1565 |title=Gli Ecatommiti |trans-title=The Moor of Venice |publisher=Tipografia Borghi & Compagni |page=1840 |publication-date=1833}}</ref> = "I will deliver you to him, so that he will tear you to pieces as you deserve" (dative + accusative)
*''Marco ha vinto! Che farà con tutti quei soldi? – Ci si pagherà l'Università'' = "Marco won! What's he going to do with all that money? – He'll use it to pay for college (pay for college for himself with it)" (instrumental + dative)
*''Metti via quella pistola! Ti ci ammazzi!'' = "Put away that pistol! You'll use it to kill yourself (kill yourself with it)!" (accusative + instrumental)

</ol>

====Apocopated forms====
Clitic forms (except ''cui'') before  a verbal form beginning with a  vowel (except when they are compound to the suffix) can be apocopated; apocopations are more common before verbal forms ''è'', ''ho'', ''hai'', ''ha'', ''hanno'', ''abbia'', and ''abbiano'' of verbs ''essere'' and ''avere'', than when they are before verbal forms of other verbs, which are more rare, also apocopations of ''che'' are rare, while apocopation of ''cui'' is avoided due to phonetic ambiguities with words such as ''qua'' (homophone to ''cu'ha'').
Apocopation is not mandatory.
''Ci'' is graphically apocopated only in front of "e" and "i" (as in ''c'è'' and ''c'inserisco''), but the "i" is graphically kept in front of other vowels (as in ''mi ci addentro''), although in all cases it is pronounced /t͡ʃ/ (without the "i"); similarly ''gli'' is graphically apocopated only in front of "i" (as in ''gl'impongo'') but not in front of other vowels (''gli è dato sapere''), although in all cases the "i" is never pronounced. The apocopated form of ''che'' is always pronounced /k/, even when otherwise common phonetic rules switch their pronunciations.<ref>(with ''ho'', ''hai'', ''ha'', ''hanno'', and verbal forms beginning with "a", "o" or "u")</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Examples of apocopated forms
|-
! clitic form
! ''è''{{efn|"(he/she/it/one) is"}}
! ''ho''{{efn|"(I) have"}}
! ''hai''{{efn|"(you [sg.]) have"}}
! ''ha''{{efn|"(he/she/it/one) has"}}
! ''abbiamo''{{efn|"(we) have"}}
! ''avete''{{efn|"(you [pl.]) have}}
! ''hanno''{{efn|"(they) have"}}
|-
| mi
| '''m''''è
| '''m''''ho{{efn|name=reflexive|apocopated of reflexive pronouns with verbal forms of verb ''avere'' (''ho'', ''hai'', ...) are rarely used.}}
| '''m''''hai
| '''m''''ha
| —
| '''m''''avete
| '''m''''hanno
|-
| ti
| '''t''''è
| '''t''''ho
| '''t''''hai{{efn|name=reflexive}}
| '''t''''ha
| '''t''''abbiamo
| —
| '''t''''hanno
|-
| gli
| '''gli''' è
| '''gli''' ho
| '''gli''' hai
| '''gli''' ha
| '''gli''' abbiamo
| '''gli''' avete
| '''gli''' hanno
|-
| gliela/gliele/glieli/glielo
| '''gliel''''è
| '''gliel''''ho
| '''gliel''''hai
| '''gliel''''ha
| '''gliel''''abbiamo
| '''gliel''''avete
| '''gliel''''hanno
|-
| la/le/li/lo
| '''l''''è
| '''l''''ho
| '''l''''hai
| '''l''''ha
| '''l''''abbiamo
| '''l''''avete
| '''l''''hanno
|-
| si
| '''s''''è
| —
| —
| '''s''''ha
| —
| —
| '''s''''hanno
|-
| ci
| '''c''''è
| '''ci''' ho
| '''ci''' hai
| '''ci''' ha
| '''ci''' abbiamo
| '''ci''' avete
| '''ci''' hanno
|-
| vi
| '''v''''è
| '''v''''ho
| '''v''''hai
| '''v''''ha
| '''v''''abbiamo
| '''v''''avete
| '''v''''hanno
|-
| che
| '''ch''''è
| '''ch''''ho
| '''ch''''hai
| '''ch''''ha
| '''ch''''abbiamo
| '''ch''''avete
| '''ch''''hanno
|}

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===T–V distinction===
Italian makes use of the [[T–V distinction]] in second-person address. The second-person nominative pronoun is ''tu'' for informal use, and for formal use, the third-person form ''Lei'' (and historically ''Ella'') has been used since the Renaissance.<ref name="serianni" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Birattari |first=Massimo |title=Italiano: Corso di Sopravvivenza |publisher=TEA |year=2015 |isbn=88-50-23822-3 |pages=131–134}}</ref> It is used like ''Sie'' in German, ''usted'' in Spanish, and ''vous'' in French. ''Lei'' was originally an object form of ''ella'', which in turn referred to an [[honorific]] of the feminine gender such as ''la magnificenza tua/vostra'' ('Your Magnificence') or ''Vossignoria'' ('Your Lordship'),<ref>Maiden, Martin, M.Mair Parry. 1997. The dialects of Italy. p. 113.</ref> and by analogy, ''Loro'' came to be used as the formal plural. Previously, and in some Italian regions today (e.g. Campania), ''voi'' was used as the formal singular, like French ''vous''. The pronouns ''lei'' (third-person singular), ''Lei'' (formal second-person singular), ''loro'' (third-person plural), and ''Loro'' (formal second-person plural) are pronounced the same but written as shown, and formal ''Lei'' and ''Loro'' take third-person conjugations. Formal ''Lei'' is invariable for gender (always feminine), but adjectives that modify it are not: one would say to a man '''''La''' conosco'' ('I know you') but ''Lei è alt'''o''''' ('You are tall'). Formal ''Loro'' is variable for gender: '''''Li''' conosco'' ('I know you [masc. pl.]') vs. '''''Le''' conosco'' ('I know you [fem. pl.]'), etc. The formal plural is very rarely used in modern Italian; the unmarked form is widely used instead.<ref>[http://www.accademiadellacrusca.it/it/lingua-italiana/consulenza-linguistica/domande-risposte/pronomi-cortesia Accademia della Crusca, ''Sui pronomi di cortesia'']</ref> For example: ''Gino, Lei è un bravo ingegnere. Marco, Lei è un bravo architetto. Insieme, voi sarete una gran bella squadra.'' ("Gino, you are a good engineer. Marco, you are a good architect. Together, you will make a very good team.").