Editing Italian irredentism (section)

== Italian irredentism by region ==
[[File:Litorale 1.png|thumb|upright=1.7|Changes to the Italian eastern border from 1920 to 1975.
{{legend|#ffff00|The [[Austrian Littoral]], later renamed [[Julian March]], which was assigned to Italy in 1920 with the [[Treaty of Rapallo (1920)|Treaty of Rapallo]] (with adjustments of its border in 1924 after the [[Treaty of Rome (1924)|Treaty of Rome]]) and which was then ceded to Yugoslavia in 1947 with the [[Paris Peace Treaties, 1947|Treaty of Paris]]}}
{{legend|#10FF20|Areas annexed to Italy in 1920 and remained Italian even after 1947}}
{{legend|#00fa9a|Areas annexed to Italy in 1920, passed to the [[Free Territory of Trieste]] in 1947 with the Paris treaties and definitively assigned to Italy in 1975 with the [[Treaty of Osimo]]}}
{{legend|#eee8aa|Areas annexed to Italy in 1920, passed to the Free Territory of Trieste in 1947 with the Paris treaties and definitively assigned to Yugoslavia in 1975 with the Osimo treaty}}]]
[[File:County of nice.svg|thumbnail|A map of the [[County of Nice]] showing the area of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Italian kingdom of Sardinia]] annexed in 1860 to France (light brown). The area in red had already become part of France before 1860.]]
[[File:SetteGiugno2009.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Sette Giugno]]'' monument, symbol of the pro-[[Italian Maltese]]]]
[[File:Trento - Statue of Dante.JPG|thumb|The Monument to [[Dante]] in [[Trento]] was erected as a symbol of the [[Italian language]] and Italianness when [[Trentino]] was still part of [[Austria-Hungary]].]]

* [[Italian irredentism in Dalmatia]] was the political movement supporting the unification to [[Italy]], during the 19th and 20th centuries, of Adriatic [[Dalmatia]]. The [[Republic of Venice]], between the 9th century and 1797, extended its dominion to [[Istria]], the islands of [[Kvarner]] and Dalmatia, when it was conquered by [[Napoleon]].<ref>Alvise Zorzi, ''La Repubblica del Leone. Storia di Venezia'', Milano, Bompiani, 2001, ISBN 978-88-452-9136-4., pp. 53-55 (in italian)</ref> After the fall of Napoleon (1814) Istria, the islands of Kvarner and Dalmatia were annexed to the [[Austrian Empire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coordinamentoadriatico.it/lottocento-austriaco/|title=L'ottocento austriaco|date=7 March 2016 |access-date=11 May 2021|language=it}}</ref> Many [[Dalmatian Italians]] looked with sympathy towards the ''[[Risorgimento]]'' movement that fought for the unification of Italy.<ref name="corsadelricordo"/> The first events that involved the Dalmatian Italians in the unification of Italy were the [[revolutions of 1848]], during which they took part in the constitution of the [[Republic of San Marco]] in [[Venice]]. The most notable Dalmatian Italians exponents who intervened were [[Niccolò Tommaseo]] and [[Federico Seismit-Doda]].<ref name="treccani">''Dizionario Enciclopedico Italiano'' (Vol. III, pag. 729-730), Roma, Ed. Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, founded by Giovanni Treccani, 1970 (In Italian)</ref>
* [[Italian irredentism in Istria]] was the political movement supporting the unification to Italy, during the 19th and 20th centuries, of the peninsula of Istria. It is considered closely related to the Italian irredentism in [[Trieste]] and [[Rijeka|Fiume]], two cities bordering the peninsula. When Napoleon conquered the territory of Istria, he found that Istria was populated by [[Istrian Italians]] on the coast and in the main cities, but the interior was populated mainly by Croats and Slovenians: this multi-ethnic population in the same peninsula created a situation of antagonism between Slovenes, Croats and Italians, when started the first [[nationalism]]s after Napoleon's fall. Since 1815 Istria was a part of the [[Austrian Empire|Austrian monarchy]], and [[Croats]], [[Slovenians]] and Italians engaged in a nationalistic feud with each other.<ref>Benussi, Bernardo. ''L' Istria nei suoi due millenni di storia''. p. 63</ref> As a consequence, Istria has been a theater of a nationalistic ethnic struggle between them during the 19th and 20th centuries. Italian irredentism was actively followed by many Italians in Istria, like the Italian sailor and irredentist [[Nazario Sauro]], native to [[Koper|Capodistria]].<ref>[http://www.marina.difesa.it/storia/movm/parte04/bio04/movm420b.asp Biography of Nazario Sauro]</ref>
* [[Italian irredentism in Corsica]] was a cultural and historical movement promoted by Italians and by [[Corsican people|people from]] [[Corsica]] who identified themselves as part of Italy rather than [[France]], and promoted the Italian annexation of the island. Corsica was part of the [[Republic of Genoa]] for centuries until 1768, when the Republic ceded the island to France, one year before the birth of Napoleon Bonaparte in the capital city of [[Ajaccio]]. Under France, the use of [[Corsican language|Corsican]] (a regional tongue which is closely related to [[Italian language|Italian]]) has gradually declined in favour of the standard [[French language]]. [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] called for the inclusion of the "Corsican Italians" within Italy when the city of [[Rome]] was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy, but [[Victor Emmanuel II]] did not agree to it. The course of Italian irredentism did not affect Corsica very much, and only during the Fascist rule of [[Benito Mussolini]] were the first organizations strongly promoting the unification of the island to the Kingdom of Italy founded. Italian was the official language of Corsica until 1859.<ref>Abalain, Hervé, (2007) ''Le français et les langues historiques de la France'', Éditions Jean-Paul Gisserot, p.113</ref>
* [[Italian irredentism in Nice]] was the political movement supporting the annexation of the [[County of Nice]] to the [[Kingdom of Italy]]. According to some [[nationalism|Italian nationalists]] and [[Fascism|fascists]] like Ermanno Amicucci, Italian- and [[Ligurian (Romance language)|Ligurian]]-speaking populations of the County of Nice (Italian: {{lang|it|Nizza}}) formed the majority of the county's population until the mid-19th century.<ref>Amicucci, Ermanno. ''Nizza e l’Italia''. p 64</ref> However, French nationalists and linguists argue that both [[Occitan language|Occitan]] and Ligurian languages were spoken in the County of Nice. During the [[Italian unification]], in 1860, the [[House of Savoy]] allowed the [[Second French Empire]] to annex Nice from the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]] in exchange for French support of its quest to unify Italy. Consequently, the Niçois were excluded from the Italian unification movement and the region has since become primarily French-speaking. The pro-Italian irredentist movement persisted throughout the period 1860–1914, despite the repression carried out since the annexation. The French government implemented a policy of [[Francization]] of society, language and culture.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paul Gubbins and Mine Holt |title=Beyond Boundaries: Language and Identity in Contemporary Europe |year=2002 |pages=91–100}}</ref> The toponyms of the communes of the ancient County have been francized, with the obligation to use French in Nice,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aiig.altervista.org/Nizzardo/IL%20NIZZARDO%20NEI%20SUOI%20ASPETTI%20GEOGRAFICI.pdf|title=Il Nizzardo|access-date=17 May 2021|language=it}}</ref> as well as certain surnames (for example the Italian surname "Bianchi" was francized into "Leblanc", and the Italian surname "Del Ponte" was francized into "Dupont").<ref name="limesonline">{{cite web|url=https://www.limesonline.com/unitalia-sconfinata/2845|title=Un'Italia sconfinata|date=20 February 2009 |access-date=17 May 2021|language=it}}</ref>
* [[Italian irredentism in Savoy]] was the political movement among Savoyards promoting annexation to the [[House of Savoy|Savoy dynasty's]] Kingdom of Italy. It was active from 1860 to [[World War II]]. During the Italian unification, in 1860, the House of Savoy allowed the Second French Empire to annex [[Savoy]] from the Kingdom of Sardinia in exchange for French support of its quest to unify Italy. Italian irredentists were citizens of Savoy who considered themselves to have ties with the House of Savoy dynasty. Savoy was the original territory of the duke of Savoy that later became King of Italy. Since the [[Renaissance]] the area had ruled over [[Piedmont]] and had for regional capital the town of [[Chambéry]]. 
* [[Italian irredentism in Malta]] is the movement that uses an irredentist argument to propose the incorporation of the Maltese islands into Italy, with reference to past support in [[Malta]] for Italian territorial claims on the islands. Although Malta had formally ceased to be part of the [[Kingdom of Sicily]] only since 1814 following the [[Treaty of Paris (1814)|Treaty of Paris]], Italian irredentism in Malta was mainly significant during the [[Italian Fascism|Italian Fascist era]].<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Melita Historica|last=Frendo|first=Henry|title=Intra-European Colonial Nationalism: The Case of Malta: 1922-1927|url=http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.11(1992-95)/MH.11(1992)1/07.pdf|volume=11|issue=1|pages=79–93|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416143544/http://melitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Melita%20Historica/MH.11(1992-95)/MH.11(1992)1/07.pdf|archive-date=16 April 2016}}</ref> Until the end of the 18th century [[History of Malta|Malta's]] fortunes—political, economic, religious, cultural—were closely tied with [[History of Sicily|Sicily's]]. Successive waves of immigration from Sicily and Italy strengthened these ties and increased the demographic similarity. Italian was Malta's language of administration, law, contracts and public records, [[Culture of Malta|Malta's culture]] was similar to [[Culture of Italy|Italy's]], Malta's nobility was originally composed of Italian families who had moved to Malta mainly in the 13th century and the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Malta|Maltese Catholic Church]] was suffragan of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Palermo|Archdiocese of Palermo]]. For many centuries and until 1936, Italian was the official language of Malta (see [[Maltese Italian]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.treccani.it/magazine/lingua_italiana/articoli/scritto_e_parlato/Europa16.html|title=L'italiano, lingua ufficiale di Malta per quattro secoli|access-date=9 September 2023|language=it}}</ref>
* [[Italian irredentism in Switzerland]] was a political movement that promoted the unification to Italy of the Italian-speaking areas of [[Switzerland]] during the ''Risorgimento''. The current [[Italian Switzerland]] belonged to the [[Duchy of Milan]] until the 16th century, when it became part of Switzerland. These territories have maintained their native [[Italians|Italian population]] speaking the Italian language and the [[Lombard language]], specifically the [[Ticinese dialect]]. In the early 19th century the ideals of unification in a single Nation of all the territories populated by Italian speaking people created the Italian irredentism. Italian irredentism in Switzerland was based on moderate ''Risorgimento'' ideals, and was promoted by Italian-Ticinese such as [[Adolfo Carmine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rai.it/dl/portaleRadio/media/ContentItem-8351c386-9507-4225-89a3-307dacbde671.html|title=In viaggio con la zia - Firenze del 04/06/2016|access-date=4 June 2021|language=it}}</ref>
* [[Corfiot Italians#Corfiot Italians and the Risorgimento|Italian irredentism in Corfu]] was the political movement supporting the unification to Italy, during the 19th and 20th centuries, of the island of [[Corfu]]. [[Corfiot Italians]] are a population from the [[Greece|Greek]] island of Corfu (Kerkyra) with ethnic and linguistic ties to the Republic of Venice. Their name was specifically established by Niccolò Tommaseo during the Italian ''Risorgimento''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archeologiamedievale.it/2015/03/24/la-comunita-italiota-a-corfu-negli-anni-della-serenissima/|title=La comunità italiota a Corfù negli anni della Serenissima|date=24 March 2015 |access-date=3 June 2023|language=it}}</ref> During the first half of the 20th century, Mussolini (whose fascist regime promoted the ideals of Italian irredentism) successfully used the Corfiot Italians as a pretext to occupy Corfu twice. The Italian ''Risorgimento'' was initially concentrated in the Italian peninsula with the surrounding continental areas (Istria, Dalmatia, Corsica, County of Nice, etc.) and did not reach Corfu and the [[Ionian islands]]. One of the main heroes of the Italian ''Risorgimento'', the poet [[Ugo Foscolo]], was born in [[Zante]] from a noble Venetian family of the island, but only superficially promoted the possible unification of the Ionian islands to Italy. According to historian Ezio Gray, the small communities of Venetian-speaking people in Corfu were mostly assimilated after the island became part of Greece in 1864 and especially after all Italian schools were closed in 1870.<ref name="Gray, Ezio p. 118">Gray, Ezio. ''Le terre nostre ritornano... Malta, Corsica, Nizza'', p. 118.</ref> After [[World War I]], however, the Kingdom of Italy started to apply a policy of expansionism toward the Adriatic area and saw Corfu as the gate of this sea.