Editing Jesus in Islam (section)

== Miracles ==
{{main|Miracles of Jesus}}
{{See also|Infancy Gospel of Thomas}}

The Quran attributes at least six miracles to Jesus, with many more being added over the centuries by writers and historians. Miracles were attributed to Jesus as signs of his [[prophethood in Islam|prophethood]] and his authority, according to educator and professor Musa Al-Husayni ({{abbr|d.|died}} 1990), an author most known for {{transliteration|ar|Mudhakkirat Dajaja}} ('Memoirs of a Hen') (Cairo: Dar al-Maarif, 1943; 2nd ed. 1967). In ''Christ in the Quran and Modern Arabic Literature'' (1960), Al-Husayni said it is noteworthy Muhammad attributes no miracles to himself.{{sfn|Parrinder|1965|p=83}}

These six miracles in the Quran are without detail unlike the Gospel and their non-canonical Gnostic sources, which include details and mention other attributed miracles.{{sfn|Parrinder|1965|p=83}} Over the centuries, these six miracle narratives have been elaborated through Hadith and poetry, with religious writings including some of the other miracles mentioned in the Gospel, non-canonical sources, and from lore.<ref name="Leirvik 2010, p. 59-60"/>{{sfn|Ayoub|1992|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XCZaP4JLeKkC&pg=PA145 145]}}

=== Speaking from the cradle ===
Speaking from the cradle is mentioned in three places in the Quran: {{qref|3|46|pl=y}}, {{qref|5|109-110|pl=y}} and {{qref|19|29-30|pl=y}}. Part of the narrative has the infant Jesus defending his mother Mary from the accusation of having given birth without a known husband.{{sfn|Parrinder|1965|p=78}} Early Islam was unclear about Joseph and his role. Jesus speaks as the angel Gabriel had mentioned at the annunciation: Jesus proclaims he is a servant of God, has been given a book, is a prophet, is blessed wherever he will go, blesses the day he was born, the day he will die, and the day he is raised alive.{{sfn|Parrinder|1965|pp=75–76}}

Although this particular narrative is not found in the [[Bible]], the theme of speaking from the cradle is found in the non-canonical pre-Islamic [[Syriac Infancy Gospel]]. The Syriac Infancy Gospel has Jesus declaring himself the Son of God, the [[Logos|Word]], and affirming what the angel [[Gabriel]] had previously announced to Mary as detailed in the Gospel.{{sfn|Parrinder|1965|p=78}}

=== Creating birds from clay ===
The miracle story of creating birds from clay and breathing life into them when a child is mentioned in {{qref|3|43-49|pl=y}}, {{qref|5|109-110|pl=y}}. Although this miracle is also not mentioned in the canonical Gospels, the same narrative is found in at least two pre-Islamic sources: the [[Infancy Gospel of Thomas]] and the Jewish [[Toledot Yeshu]], with few variant details between the Quran and these two sources.{{sfn|Leirvik|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IEUdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 60]}}{{sfn|Parrinder|1965|pp=83–84}}

=== Healing the blind and the lepers ===
{{See also|Healing the two blind men in Galilee|Cleansing ten lepers}}

Similar to the [[New Testament]], the Quran mentions Jesus healing the blind and the [[Leprosy|lepers]] in {{qref|3|49|pl=y}}. Muslim scholar and judge [[Al-Baydawi]] ({{abbr|d.|died}} 1286) wrote how it was recorded that many thousands of people came to Jesus to be healed and that Jesus healed these diseases through prayer only.{{sfn|Parrinder|1965|p=85}} Medieval scholar [[Al-Tha'labi]] wrote about how these two particular diseases were beyond medical help, and Jesus' miracles were meant to be witnessed by others as clear signs of his message.{{sfn|Leirvik|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IEUdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 60]}}

=== Raising the dead ===
Jesus is believed to have raised people from the dead, as mentioned in al-Imran {{qref|3|49|pl=y}}. Although no detail is given as to who was raised or the circumstance, at least three people are mentioned in detail in the Christian Gospel (a [[Raising of Jairus' daughter|daughter of Jairus]], a [[Raising of the son of the widow of Nain|widow's son]] at Nain, and [[Raising of Lazarus|Lazarus]]).{{sfn|Parrinder|1965|p=86}}

=== Prescience ===
Jesus was able to [[Precognition|predict]], or had [[Prophecy|foreknowledge]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Fudge|first=Bruce|date=7 April 2011|title=Qur'anic Hermeneutics: Al-Tabrisi and the Craft of Commentary (Routledge Studies in the Qur'an)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lWrLEup7pJcC&pg=PA60|location=United Kingdom|publisher=Routledge|page=60|isbn=978-0415782005}}</ref> of what was hidden or unknown to others. One example is Jesus would answer correctly any and every question anyone asked him. Another example is Jesus knew what people had just eaten, as well as what they had stored in their homes.<ref name="Leirvik 2010, p. 59-60"/>

=== Table of food from Heaven ===
{{Main|Feeding the multitude}}
{{See also|Last Supper}}

In the fifth chapter of the Quran, {{qref|5|112-115|c=y|pl=y}}, a narration mentions the disciples of Jesus requesting a table laden with food, and for it to be a special day of commemoration for them in the future. This may be a possible reference to the [[Eucharist]] according to professor of Islamic and Arabic studies [[W. Montgomery Watt]] ({{abbr|d.|died}} 2006).{{sfn|Watt|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_qxlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 24]}} According to professor of comparative religions [[Geoffrey Parrinder]] ({{abbr|d.|died}} 2005), it is unclear if this story parallels the Gospel's [[Last Supper]] or the [[feeding the multitude]], but may be tied to the Arabic word {{transliteration|ar|ʿīd}} (Muslim festival):{{sfn|Parrinder|1965|p=87}}

{{Blockquote|<poem>5:112 ˹Remember˺ when the disciples asked, “O Jesus, son of Mary! Would your Lord be willing to send down to us a table spread with food from heaven?” Jesus answered, “Fear Allah if you are ˹truly˺ believers.”
5:113 They said, “We ˹only˺ wish to eat from it to reassure our hearts, to verify you are indeed truthful to us, and to become its witnesses.”
5:114 Jesus, son of Mary, prayed, “O Allah, our Lord! Send us from heaven a table spread with food as a feast for us—the first and last of us—and as a sign from You. Provide for us! You are indeed the Best Provider.”
5:115 Allah answered, “I am sending it down to you. But whoever among you denies afterwards will be subjected to a torment I have never inflicted on anyone of My creation.”</poem>|{{qref|5|112-115|c=y}}{{sfn|Watt|2013|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_qxlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 24]}}}}

In a record by the [[Sunnism|Sunni]] exegete [[Tabari]], before the last supper, the threat of death made him anxious. Therefore, Jesus invited his disciples for the last supper. After the meal, he washed their hands and performed their ablutions to wipe their hands on his clothing. Afterwards Jesus replied to them: "As for that I have done to you tonight, in that I served you the meal and washed your hands in person, let it be an example for you. Since you indeed consider me to be better than you, do not be haughty in relation to each other but rather expand yourselves for each other as I have expanded myself for you." After instructing the disciples in his teachings, Jesus foretells that one of them would deny him and another betray him. However, in accordance with [[Islamic views on Jesus' death]], just a corpse in semblance of Jesus was crucified and Jesus himself was raised to God.{{sfn|Robinson|1991|p=129}}

=== Other miracles ===
Many stories and narratives have been developed over the years about Jesus, containing certain inherent lessons or providing meaning due to the lack of detail in the Quran regarding Jesus. Some of these narratives are similar in nature to the [[New Testament]], while some portray Jesus in a very human manner.

Besides some detailed summaries of miracles of Jesus mentioned by Muslim writers over the centuries, from adulthood (like walking on water – also found in the Gospel – and causing loaves of bread to come from the ground),{{sfn|Parrinder|1965|p=78}} some other miracles from childhood include: explaining the Muslim creed fundamentals to a schoolmaster, revealing who the thieves were to a wealthy chief, filling empty jars of something to drink, providing food and wine for a tyrannical king while also proving to this king his power in raising a man from the dead, raising a child accidentally killed, and causing the garments from a single-colored vat to come out with various colors.<ref name="Leirvik 2010, p. 59-60"/>

==== Healing a royal official's son ====
{{Main|Healing the royal official's son}}

Al-Tabari ({{abbr|d.|died}} 923) reports a story of an adult Jesus' encounter with a certain king in the region and the healing of his son. The identity of the king is not mentioned while legend suggests [[Philip the Tetrarch]]. The corresponding Bible reference is "the royal official's son".{{sfn|Ayoub|1992|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XCZaP4JLeKkC&pg=PA154 154]}}

====Greed and truth-telling====
A legendary story of a miracle by a young Jesus, used as a hard-learned lesson popularly found in Middle Eastern lore according to professor Ayoub, has to do with a Jewish man and loaves of bread. Although carrying a polemic tone, the lesson centers on greed with truth-telling woven into the narration. It is a story found often in children's books.{{sfn|Ayoub|1992|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XCZaP4JLeKkC&pg=PA158 158]}}

==== Inherent wisdom ====
{{See also|Logos (Islamic)|Logos (Christianity)}}

Another legendary miracle story is one regarding Jesus' childhood wisdom. This legend, reported through al-Tabari from ibn Ishaq, talks about Mary sending Jesus to a religious school and the teacher being astonished to find Jesus already knowing the information being taught / discussed.<ref name="Leirvik 2010, p. 59-60"/>

==== Food in children's homes ====
Another story from al-Tabari tells of a young Jesus playing with the youths of his village and telling them what food their parents were preparing for them at home.<ref name="Leirvik 2010, p. 59-60"/>

According to the details of the narrative, some parents became annoyed and forbade their children to play with Jesus, suspecting he was a magician. As a result, the parents kept their children away from Jesus and gathered their children into a single house. One day, feeling lonely, Jesus went out looking for his friends, and coming upon this house he asked the parents where their children were. The parents lied, responding that the children were not there. After Jesus asks who, then, is in the house, the parents replied that there were [[Pig|swine]] inside. Jesus then says "Let them be swine!", with the parents then discovering that all the children had turned into swine.{{sfn|Ayoub|1992|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XCZaP4JLeKkC&pg=PA145 145]}}

Over the centuries, Muslim writers have also referenced other miracles like casting out demons, having borrowed from some [[Heresy|heretical]] pre-Islamic sources, and from [[gospel canon|canonical]] sources as legends about Jesus were expanded.<ref name="Leirvik 2010, p. 59-60" />