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John Bardeen
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===Nobel Prize in Physics in 1972=== In 1972, Bardeen shared the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] with [[Leon N Cooper]] of [[Brown University]] and [[John Robert Schrieffer]] of the [[University of Pennsylvania]] "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1972/index.html |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics in 1972 |access-date=December 19, 2007 |publisher=The Nobel Foundation}}</ref> This was Bardeen's second Nobel Prize in Physics. He became the first person to win two Nobel Prizes in the same field.<ref name="chisuntimes2">{{cite news |title= Physicist John Bardeen, 82, transistor pioneer, Nobelist |url= http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4038249.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121102062652/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4038249.html|url-status= dead|archive-date= November 2, 2012|newspaper=Chicago Sun-Times|date=January 31, 1991 |access-date=August 3, 2007}}</ref> Bardeen brought his three children to the Nobel Prize ceremony in Stockholm.<ref name="John Bardeen 3"/> Bardeen gave much of his Nobel Prize money to fund the [[Fritz London]] Memorial Lectures at [[Duke University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.phy.duke.edu/~hm/flondonprizeawards.html |title=Fritz London Memorial Prize |access-date=December 24, 2007 |publisher=Duke University }}</ref> In the late 1960s, Bardeen felt that Cooper and Schrieffer deserved the Nobel prize for BCS. He was concerned that they might not be awarded because of the [[Nobel Committee]]'s reticence to award the same person twice, which would be his case as a co-author of the theory. Bardeen nominated scientists who worked on superconducting [[quantum tunneling|tunneling]] effects such as the [[Josephson effect]] for the prize in 1967: [[Leo Esaki]], [[Ivar Giaever]] and [[Brian Josephson]]. He recognized that because the tunneling developments depended on superconductivity, it would increase the chances that BCS itself would be awarded first. He also reasoned that the Nobel Committee had a predilection for multinational teams, which was the case for his tunneling nominees, each being from a different country. Bardeen renewed the nominations in 1971, 1972, when BCS received the prize, and finally 1973, when tunneling was awarded.{{r|trueGenius|p=230-231}} He is the only double [[Nobel Prize in Physics|laureate in physics]], and one of three [[:Category:Nobel laureates with multiple Nobel awards|double laureates]] of the same prize; the others are [[Frederick Sanger]] who won the 1958 and 1980 Prizes in Chemistry and [[Karl Barry Sharpless]] who won the 2001 and 2022 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Prizes in chemistry]].<ref name=nobelfacts>{{cite web | title=Nobel Prize Facts | publisher=Nobelprize.org | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/facts/ | access-date=1 September 2015}}</ref>
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